剧变中的断裂与传承——透视《旧制度与大革命》视野中的自治变迁

Breakage and Inheritance in Dramatic Changes——Reviewing Changes in Autonomy as Shown in The Old Regime and the Revolution

在《旧制度与大革命》中,托克维尔指出了法国中央集权制这一"旧制度"的种种弊端,并将其视为割裂法国传统城乡自治的主因。托克维尔并没有充分意识到中央集权制国家与自治制度发展间积极的互动关系,忽略了传统自治与现代自治的分野,更没有意识到前者经由国家权力改造而实现自我否定与超越的意义。鉴此,需要在解析托克维尔观点启示与局限性的基础上,以考察法国社会变革过程为切入点,进一步探讨中央集权制国家与社会自治之间的辩证关系。

In The Old Regime and the Revolution, Alexis de TocqueviUe pointed out the demerits of French centralized system --the ＂old regime＂, and took it as the root-cause for the breaking of traditional French urban and rural self-govern- ment. Tocqueville was not fully aware of the interaction between the centralized state and the autonomous system in its de- velopment, ignoring the differences between traditional autonomy and modem autonomy. Moreover, he failed to realize the significance for the former to achieve self-negation and transcendence through the transformation with state power. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the inspirations and limitations of Tocqueville so as to explore the social changes in France, and further discuss the dialectical relationship between centralized state and social autonomy.