制度变迁、利益分化与农民环境抗争——以湖南省X市Z地区为个案

Institutional Change,Interest Differentiation and Farmer's Resistance to Environment——A Case Study of Z District of X City in Hunan Province

面对环境侵害,湖南省X市Z地区农民环境抗争经历了计划经济时期的集体沉默、经济转轨时期的私力救济,以及市场经济时期的依法抗争。该地农民的行动选择主要受制于政治机会结构以及国家、企业和农民之间所形成的利益结构的双重约束。我国的制度变迁将封闭的政治机会结构予以有限度的开放,又导致国家、企业和农民之间所形成的利益结构从一体转向分殊,两者的结构转型促发受环境侵害的农民从沉默走上抗争之路。然而,以发展主义为取向的经济制度与威权性格的政治制度之间的高度同构性决定了地方政府无法正确对待农民利益诉求,农民亦无力突破制度的桎梏。改革现行经济政治制度是化解农村环境危机、缓和政府与农民关系紧张的根本之途。

Facing environmental disasters,farmers of Z District of X City in Hunan Province have gone through collective silence in planned economic period,private relief in economic transitional period and resistance by law in market economic period.The actions of the local farmers are mainly restrained by both political opportunity structure and the interest structure formed among the State,entrepreneurs and the farmers.Institutional change in our country has opened the door with some limitations to the closed political opportunity structure and led to the transition from integrative interest structure into a multi-branched structure.These changes encouraged farmers to fight against environmental disasters instead of keeping silence.However,the high consistence between development-oriented economic system and the political system characterized with authority caused the local government to fail to respond to farmers＇ interest claims in a correct way,as well as led to farmers＇ inability to break restraints of the system.Reforming the current economic and political system is the essential way to resolve environmental crisis in rural areas and reduce tension between the State and farmers.