道统、功夫与学派之间——“心学”义再研

Confucian Orthodoxy,Self-finish and School:Further Research on the Meaning of Xin-xue

作为学派专称，“心学”固然是指与程朱“理学”相对立，以陆九渊、王阳明为代表的新儒学，然此专称形成之前，“心学”之义究竟为何、“心学”一词最早为何人所用等问题，业已引起学界注意。对于“心学”一词的意义与演变，前贤时彦多有论及。劳思光先生认为“心学”一词非宋人所用，心学之名最早见于明代陈真晟之《心学图》；而理学与心学之对峙，乃后世渐成之说法。（劳思光，第32页）戢斗勇先生认为，陆王之前心学已经发端，与陆王心学同时还有其他心学学派，因此以心学专指陆王一派，“缩小了心学的涵盖范围和研究对象，难辞以偏概全之咎”。（戢斗勇）饶宗颐先生则认为金元之际的李屏山、薛玄等人已倡心学，故“心学”之名起于金元之际，非源于明代。

As an academic word, ' Xin-xue' first appeared in Dabiqin Sanqian Weiyijing that was translated by An Shi-gao in the Eastern Han dynasty.It means meditation,the one of the Buddhist three learnings.In Taoism,this word first appeared in Zhengao written by Tao Hong-jing.As a Confucian philosophical word, 'Xin-xue' first appeared in Zhiyan written by Hu Hong who is the scholar of Hu-xiang School.From the Song to the Ming dynasty,this word has three meanings:the learning of Confucian orthodoxy,studying by heart,the learning of self-finish.In the Jia-jing period of the Ming dynasty,Wang Yang-ming's School has been called ' Xin-xue'.It is Tang Bin who first called Lu Jiu-yuan and Wang Yang-ming's School as 'Xin-xue ' in the early years of the Qing dynasty.