荷兰蔬菜种苗生产装备系统发展现状及对中国的启示

Development status of automated equipment systems for greenhouse vegetable seedlings production in Netherlands and its inspiration for China

为提高生产率、降低劳动强度和减少生产成本,荷兰蔬菜育苗生产中广泛使用精量播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线、岩棉块种苗生产线和相应配套机具,并借鉴花卉物流化生产模式,开发出穴盘输送装备、岩棉块搬运铺放专用车等生产物料搬运装备,实现了高效、省力、自动化生产。该文结合生产实例分析了利用岩棉块种苗生产线直接播种生产蔬菜种苗和利用播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线及岩棉块种苗生产线生产蔬菜嫁接苗的作业流程,并讨论了各生产流程的作业特性。综合以上论述,总结出荷兰温室种苗生产具有以下特点:由于岩棉具有保水透气、病菌易控等优点,潮汐灌溉具有操作方便可自控、节约水资源等优点,在温室蔬菜生产中广泛采用岩棉块栽培和潮汐灌溉;蔬菜生产效益低于花卉生产效益,造成蔬菜种植企业在自动化生产方面的资金投入相对较低,与花卉生产相比自动化程度也相对较低;精量播种生产线、嫁接作业生产线和岩棉块种苗生产线构成蔬菜种苗生产装备系统的主体,生产线将装备作业环节与人工作业环节按作业流程有机结合,快速提高蔬菜生产效率;针对蔬菜种苗生产中作业量大、劳动强度大的生产物料搬运环节,采取多种途径,提高自动化作业水平,减轻劳动强度,提高生产率。针对中国温室蔬菜生产所面临的劳动力短缺、劳动成本逐年提高、自动化生产水平低下和作业生产率不高等问题,借鉴荷兰设施园艺自动化生产技术的发展经验,中国蔬菜种苗生产应以提高生产率和降低劳动强度为核心目标,注重集成开发,利用现有成熟技术,重点集中开发自动化装备的关键技术,提高开发效率;在构建设施农业装备生产系统方面,应在提高生产自动化水平的基础上,综合考虑装备性价比,引入温室内部物流化生产模式,构建物流化生产系统,提高种苗生产的总体生产效率,促进中国温室园艺生产模式的现代化转型。

To improve productivity, reduce labor intensity and lower production costs, the Netherlands had been developing precision seeding production line, grafting production line, seedlings production line with stone wool blocks and supporting equipments in vegetable seedlings production. After precision seeding production lines having been widely used for vegetable seedlings production, grafting production line for vegetables has been used to make grafting productivity increase by 50% or more, and seedlings production line with stone wool blocks for vegetables has been used to make transplanting productivity reach up to 7500-1 2000 seedlings per hour. In addition by learning from flowers automated production technologies in vegetable seedlings production, several of transporting equipments of production materials have been developed and widely used such as laying cart of stone wool blocks, trays conveyor belts, human hydraulic vehicle and so on, so as to achieve labor saving production and enhance production efficiency and market competitiveness. This paper introduces a production process of cucumber seedlings using seedlings production line with stone wool blocks and a production process of tomato seedlings grafted with precision seeding production line, grafting production line, and seedlings production line for using stone wool blocks. The operating productivities and manufactories of these production lines are discussed. Based on the above discussion, the greenhouse vegetable seedlings production of the Netherlands has the following characteristics： a） Because of the advantages of high porosity and reducing bacteria for stone wool, and the advantages of convenient operation and water-saving irrigation with tidal, hydroponic with stone wool blocks and tidal irrigation have been widely applied in greenhouse seedlings production; b） Because flower growers invested much more funds on the development of automated production technologies than vegetable growers, the level of flowers automated production is higher than that of vegetables. Many operations and transporting of production materials in vegetable seedlings production need to be done by manpower, and production line for vegetable seedlings is relatively short and not complete; c） The equipment system of vegetable seedlings production is usually composed of precision seeding production line, grafting production line and seedlings production line with stone wool blocks. Being combined with automated equipments and manual operation reasonably, production line would become an effective and easy way to reduce labor demand and enhance productivity; d） It is an important way to develop internal transporting equipment of production materials for reducing labor intensive and increase operating speed. Greenhouse vegetable seedlings production in China is facing labor shortages, low level of production automation, and low productivity. According to the Chinese vegetable seedlings production condition and learning the development experience of horticultural automated production technology in Netherlands, China should focus on developing vegetable seedlings production lines and transporting equipments of production materials to reduce labor demand, enhance productivity, and promote a modem transformation of the Chinese horticultural production.