现代汉语宾语成分的预设探析

The Analysis on Presupposition of Object in Modern Chinese

按其与动词的语义关系的不同,现代汉语宾语可分为受事宾语、对象宾语、结果宾语、工具宾语、材料宾语、方式宾语、处所宾语、时间宾语、目的宾语、原因宾语、表称宾语、主体宾语、存在宾语、致使宾语、数量宾语、予夺宾语、虚指宾语,这是一个穷尽了所有宾语个体的分类。受事、对象、工具、材料、方式、处所、时间、原因、指使和予夺等宾语的所指事物、事态均被预设存在;结果、目的、主体和存在等宾语虽然不含有个体事物存在预设,但含有类事物存在预设;表称宾语或者含有名称存在预设,或者含有名称所指事物存在预设;数量宾语预设数量词语所指的数量存在;虚指宾语不含存在预设。现代汉语的"宾语"其实是一个原型范畴,非原型宾语是原型宾语通过转喻、隐喻不断扩展的结果。现代汉语宾语成分的预设分析,应从语义、语用、句法等多个维度进行,而从句法成分语义关系的维度进行分析是关键。对宾语预设情况进行穷尽式描写,有助于弄清汉语动-宾结构体的生成机制,有助于找到各类动词与句子预设意义之间的内在联系。

According to the different relations of the semantic with the verb, the object in the modem Chinese can be divided into patient objects, target object, result object, tool object, material object, way object, locative object, time object, aim object, reason object, main object, existing object, cause object, number object, hold object and virtual object. This is the extreme classification of all objects. The object which shows in the patient, target, tool, material, way, locative, time, reason, becalled, cause, and hold, etc. is of presupposition. The object of result, aim, main, existing etc. has the presupposition in the classed-object instead of the individual object. The object of be-called may have the name which contains presupposition directly or indirectly. The number object~ presupposition refers to the being of the number. Virtual object does not have presupposition. The object in modem Chinese is actually a prototype category. The non-prototypical object is the result which the prototypical object transfers through metonymy and metaphor. The presupposition of object in modem Chinese should be analyzed from several dimensions such as semantic, pragmatics and syntax, and the analysis from syntax weighted more. To describe the presupposition of the object exhaustively is of great help to explain the formation mechanism of the VO structure in Chinese and to find the inner relationship within all kinds of verbs and the presupposition of the sentence.