“民族国家”理想与多民族现实的冲突与调和——以孙中山的民族主义为中心

Contradiction and mediation between the “national country”ideal and the multi - national reality——Focused on the nationalism initiated by Sun Yat - sen

孙中山的民族主义思想首先选择了"分"的思维,深受西方"排他性"民族主义的影响,以他为首的革命党人起初希望在中国建立"排满"的汉族国家;辛亥革命后,中国面临分裂的危机,孙中山单一民族建国的理想向现实妥协,提出带有"和"的色彩的"民族统一"、"五族一家,不分种族"的思想理路,进而最终选择了"合"的思维,"中华民族"的概念成为主导,实现了"民族国家"理想和多民族现实矛盾的调和,为中国式"民族国家"的建构找到了自己的发展之路。从"单一民族国家"到"多民族国家"构建的思想变化也反映了中国人在与西方人交往过程中的模式转变,以及从"西方化"到"中国化"的历程。必须明确的是:在本土化过程中,既要善于吸收并借鉴西方的历史经验,但绝不能照搬,否则,就会铸成大错。

The Sun Yat sends nationalism thought first chose the thinking of ＂ division＂. Deeply influ enced by western ＂exclusiveness＂ nationalism, the revolutionary party members led by Sun Yat sen initially had wished to establish a country in China composed of Han nationality that ＂ excluded Manchu＂ ; after the 1911 revolution, China faced the danger of split, Sun Yat sen~ ideal of establishing the country by a single nationality began to compromise toward reality, then he put forward the thoughts of＂ national uniting＂, ＂five nationalities are from one family, irrespective of race＂, which had a harmonious color, and eventually, he chose the thought of ＂mediation＂, which took the concept of ＂the Chinese nation＂ as the core, realizing the mediation between the ＂national country＂ ideal and the multi national reality, and finding a path of develop ment for building a Chinese style ＂ national country＂. From ＂ single national country＂ to ＂ multi national country＂, the ideological change also reflected the pattern change in the process of Chinese people associa tion with western people, and the historical course from ＂westernization＂ to ＂sinicization＂. It should be clear and definite that in the process of localization, we should not only be good at drawing lessons from western his torical experience, but also indiscriminately imitate them, otherwise, we would make great mistakes.