由伯而王:论周代政治秩序的建立

From Hegemony to Kingdom: On the Establishment of the Political Order of the Zhou Dynasty

周原卜辞"来即""更某服(司)"等词与周金文相似,为周人习语,所记祭天为周人习俗,说明卜辞中"王"指周王。四条册命卜辞记述周王在受封方伯典礼中祭天、祭殷先王及其配偶等。据楚简《容成氏》等文献,周受封为方伯与商后期国力衰退有关,商后期无法平定西方叛乱,不能对广大的外服地区实施有效统治,须依赖方伯势力维持旧有的政治秩序。在周由伯而王的过程中,除了武力,支持其建立新的政治秩序的还有日常政治活动中所建立的新话语体系,主要包括天命说及"文王之典"等。

The oracle bone inscriptions discovered at Zhouyuan, Shaanxi Province include the words ＂来即 ＂ and ＂更某服（司）＂, which often appeared in the Western Zhou bronze inscriptions. And the oracle records the cus-tom of sacrifice to heaven which is considered to belong to the Zhou Dynasty. Four oracle inscriptions give an ac-count of the king of Zhou worshiping the gods and the ancestors of the king of the Shang Dynasty. Due to the reces-sion of the Shang Dynasty, Zhou became overlord. The Shang Dynasty had to rely on the overlord to maintain the old political order, since the Shang Dynasty was unable to put down the rebellion of western vassal states. In addition to the force system,the Zhou Dynasty also established a new language system and a new ideology in the process from hegemony to kingdom.