上海崇明东滩人工湿地冬春季水鸟的生境因子分析

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE WATERBIRD DISTRIBUTION DURING WINTER AND SPRING AT THE ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS IN CHONGMING DONTAN,SHANGHAI

为了解围垦后不同土地利用方式对水鸟的影响,于2011年11月～2012年5月对上海市崇明东滩湿地公园、北八滧鱼塘、98大堤内抛荒鱼塘、以及捕鱼港互花米草控制示范区的芦苇塘4类人工湿地开展水鸟调查,在冬季共统计到水鸟20 050只,隶属于5目9科34种,春季共统计到水鸟5 080只,隶属于6目7科47种。方差分析表明,冬、春季4类人工湿地水鸟种类、密度、多样性均有显著差异。运用相关分析对水鸟种类、密度、物种多样性、均匀性指数等群落特征及调查样方内明水面面积、平均水位、人为干扰、裸露浅滩面积、植被面积等环境因子进行水鸟生境因子选择分析,结果表明,冬季水鸟种类、多样性与明水面面积呈极显著正相关,水鸟种类与植被面积呈极显著负相关;春季种类、密度、多样性都与裸露浅滩面积呈极显著正相关。崇明东滩人工湿地在水鸟保育中起到了重要的作用,根据不同水鸟对生境因子的要求,冬季应保持较大的明水面面积和一定的水深,为雁鸭类建立合适的栖息地。春季应保持一定的裸露浅滩面积,为鸻鹬类提供良好的避难所。因此,水位调控成为崇明东滩人工湿地自然保育的重要手段。

With natural wetlands loss and degradation as a consequence of human activities around the world,artificial wetland as alternative habitats for waterbirds receives more and more attention. Chongming Dongtan,located at the Yangtze River Mouth, is one of most important wintering and stopover sites for thousands of migratory waterbirds. During last decade, this area was reclaimed for multi-purposes, and part of area was converted into four patterns of the artificial wetlands.（1）wetland park, （2）aquacultural ponds, （3） abandoned fishpond, and （4）artificial wetland restoration demonstration area. In order to understand the environmental impacts of different land use on the waterbirds after the coastal reclamation and sort out the key habitat factors impacting the waterbird distribution, we undertook a wetland survey and waterbird study in Chongming Dontan, Shanghai coastland during November 2011 to May 2012. The study focused on the four types of artificial wetlands （Dongtan wetland park, fishpond in Beibayao, abandoned fishpond, Spartina alterniflora controlled demonstration sampling area）. During the survey, a total number of 20 050 waterbirds were counted in winter, covering 34 species of 5 orders and 9 families. The dominant species were the spot-billed duck（Anas poecilorhyncha ）,mallard （Anas platyrhynchos）, northern pintail（Anas acuta）,among which, 3 oriental white storks （Ciconia boyciana） ranked as IUCN/ICWP Endangered Species were recorded regularly in the December. In spring, 5 080 waterbirds were counted, belonging to 47 bird species of 6 orders and 7 families. The dominant species were the spot-billed duck（Anas poecilorhyncha） ,mallard（Anas platyrhynchos）, northern pintail （Anas acuta ）. The further study indicted that there were significant difference in the waterbirds species, density and diversity Shannon-Wiener（H＇） among the four artificial wetland in winter and spring with One-Way ANOVA analysis. Correlation analysis were un- dertaken between the waterbird characteristics （species number, H＇ and evenness）and the habitat factors （water area,mean water lever, human disturbance, mudflat and vegetation areas）. The number of species, H＇ were positively correlated with water area,the number of species were negatively correlated with vegetation area in winter, and the number of species, density and H＇ were positively correlated with area of mudflat in spring. The study results indicates the artificial wetland of Chongming Dongtan plays an important role in the biodiversity conservation for wintering waterbirds,in terms of alternative habitats. According to our results, some recommendations were raised for artificial wetland management.（1）to maintain the large water area and proper water lever for building up a suitable habitat for wild goose and ducks in win- ter; （2）to maintain large mudflat area and control the vegetation expansion for the shorebird in spring; （3） to reduced human disturbance,particularly,in terms of controlling the number of the visitors in the Dongtan wetland park.