整合与分化:西方族群动员理论研究述评

Integration and Differentiation:A Review of Theories of the Western EthnicMobilization

族群动员属西方政治理论范畴,是指在特定条件下为了实现某些利益诉求,围绕族群认同而形成的社会运动;社会整合则试图消解族群动员的能量,增强民族凝聚。西方族群政治动员理论形成于对二战结束以来族裔民族主义与民族分离主义兴起的各种解释,其理论流派众多。原生论、现代化范式论、内部殖民主义、相对剥夺理论,主要解释了族群动员为什么发生;而多元社会理论、联合主义理论、权力交换理论则给出消解族群动员和化解族群冲突的各种机制,以期实现社会整合的目的。自治要求和经济利益是当代族群动员的两种重要力量,各类族群要求更多地参与决策、分享更多的经济机会。

Ethnic mobilization is one of the concepts of western comparative politics in which the definition of ethnicity is different from that of nationality.The ethnic mobilization results in the social differentiation , while the social integration leads to the dissolution of the ethnic mobilization.Theories of the ethnic mobilization deriving from the various explanations about the rising of the ethnic nationalism and the ethnic separationism after the Second World War can be divided into the two parts : as the one part , primordialism , modernization paradigms'approach , internal colonialism , and relative deprivation try to explain reasons why the ethnic mobilization takes place ; as the other part , pluralism , consociationalism , and hegemonic exchange model struggle to offer various institution arrangements for social integration so as to weaken the ethnic mobilization and resolve the ethnic conflicts.The demands for the economic interest and the political autonomy are two dynamics of the modern ethnic political mobilization , while disadvantages both in economic development and political power motivate the ethnic groups to participate more political activities and share more economic opportunities.