1Angus DC,Barnato AE,Linde-Zwirble WT. Use of intensive care at the end of life in the United States:an epidemiologic study[J].Critical Care Medicine,2004.638-643.
2Pontoppidan H,Abbott WM,Brewster DC. Optimum care for hopelessly ill patients.A report of the Clinical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1976.362-364.
3Anon. Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill.Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine[J].Critical Care Medicine,1990.1435-1439.
4Prendergast TJ,Luce JM. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill[J].American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,1997.15-20.
5Truog RD,Cist AF,Brackett SE. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit:The Ethics Committee of the Society of Critical Care Medicine[J].Critical Care Medicine,2001.2332-2348.
6Prendergast TJ,Claessens MJ,Luce JM. A national survey of end-of-life care for critically ill patients[J].American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,1998.1163-1167.
7Sprung CL,Cohen SL,Sjokvist P. End-of-life practices in European intensive care units:the Ethicus Study[J].Journal of the American Medical Association,2003.790-797.
8Sirio CA,Tajimi K,Taenaka N. A cross-cultural comparison of critical care delivery:Japan and the United States[J].Chest,2002.539-548.
9Fukaura A,Tazawa H,Nakajima H. Do-not-resuscitate orders at a teaching hospital in Japan[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1995.805-808.
5Angus D C, Barnato A E, Linde - Zwirble W T, et al. Use of in- tensive care at the end of life in the United States: an epidemiologic study[J]. Crit Care Med,2004,32:638-643.
6Wunsch H, Harrison D A, Harvey S, et al. End - of - life decisions:a cohort study of the withdrawal of all active treatment in in- tensive care units in the United Kingdom[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2005,31 : 823- 831.
7Nolin T, Andersson R. Withdrawal of medical treatment in the ICU. A cohort study of 318 cases during 1994-2000[J]. Acta An- aesthesiol Scand, 2003,47 : 501- 507.
8Cox C E, Martinu T, Sathy S J, et al. Expectations and outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation[J].Crit Care Med, 2009,37:2888-2894.
9Curtis J R, Vincent J L. Ethics and end-of-life care for adults in the intensive care unit[J].Lancet, 2010, 375. 1347-1353.
10Nolin T, Andersson R. Withdrawal of medical treatment in the ICU, A cohort study of 318 cases during 1994 -2000[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2003,47 : 501 - 507,.