我国《侵权责任法》中的第三人侵权行为

The Third Party's Tortious Act in Tort Liability Law of China

我国《侵权责任法》多处使用了第三人概念,但并非同一个概念,只有第28条规定的第三人侵权行为才是法定的免责事由,其后果是免除实际加害人的责任,由第三人承担侵权责任。在适用过错责任原则和过错推定原则的侵权行为类型,第三人侵权行为是普遍适用的免责事由。在适用无过错责任原则的侵权行为类型,法律没有明确规定第三人侵权行为为免责事由,但规定受害人故意造成损害可以免责的,则第三人故意造成损害可以免除实际加害人的责任;规定受害人重大过失或者过失造成损害实行过失相抵的,则第三人重大过失或者过失造成损害可以免除实际加害人的责任。

The concept of ＂third party＂ is used in several articles in Tort Liability Law of P. R. China, but all of these are not the same concept. Among them, the third party＇s tortious act stipulated in Ar- ticle 28 is the statutory cause for exemption of liabilities, which results in that the actual infringer can be exempted from liabilities while the third party should bear tort liability. In the tortious acts which apply to the principle of fault liability or the principle of presumed-fault liability, the third party＇s tor- tious act is the cause {or exemption of liabilities. In the tortious acts which apply to the principle of no- fault liability, the third party＇s tortious act is not stipulated as the cause for exemption of liabilities by law. However, if the circumstance that the harm is intentionally caused by the victim is stipulated as the cause for exemption of liabilities, the circumstance that the harm is intentionally caused by the third party can make the actual infringer exempt from liabilities. If the circumstance that the victim is of gross negligence or negligence for the occurrence of the harm applies the rule of contributory negli- gence, the circumstance that the third party＇s gross negligence or negligence for the occurrence of the harm can make the actual infringer exempt from liabilities.