实践的回归:寻求科学技术社会学和科学哲学相容点

The Return of Practices:On the Compatibility between Philosophy of Science and Sociology of Science and Technology

科学技术社会学和科学哲学的研究方法和理论资源不同,两者经常处于相互排斥的局面。其实,两者并非不可兼容,而是可以也应该相互合作。达成两者的相容需要双方抛弃各自的还原论观点:科学哲学需要抛弃科学的认知规范最终应还原为具有绝对普遍适用性的逻辑和数学规范的观点,而科学技术社会学也需要抛弃科学中的规范应完全还原为社会学规范的观点。非还原主义的相容性要求科学哲学从以理论为中心转变为以实践为中心,抛弃实践与科学知识规范性的理解无关的论点。20世纪上半叶,纽拉特、弗雷克和波兰尼的科学哲学为实践与科学知识规范性之间的关系提供了有力的论据,为20世纪下半叶科学哲学走向以实践为中心开辟了道路,同时也为科学哲学和科学技术社会学提供了相容的可能性。

Philosophy of science and sociology of science and technology needn＇t to be incompatible, but the compatibility requires abandoning two kinds of reductionism. The reductionism from traditional philosophy of science insists that the epistemic structures of science are reduced to logical or （and） mathematical norms, whereas the reductionism of radical sociology believes that norms that can explain science and technology are reducible to sociological norms. A series of arguments for rejecting the two reductionisms are explored. The abandonment of the two reductionism also implies that philosophy of science should turns from an approach centered on theories to on practices.