清末科举改制后的科举考试与新学传播

The Reform of Civil Service Examinations and the Dissemination of New Learning in Late Qing

中日甲午之战以后,新学与旧学、新党与旧党的分野渐趋激烈化。面对新学的冲击,清廷将"中体西用"一说构建为一种全新的官方意识形态,并将其同时体现于科举考试的考试内容与学堂的课程设置之中。这种以崇正学、收摄人心为诉求的官方意识形态是对清末新思想、新学说逐渐传播的一种因应,体现出清廷试图维护统治稳定的意图,也影响到了科举改制的实际施行,造成清末最后几届科举考试的命题与取士标准都呈现出似新实旧的样貌,继而也确实在一定程度上限制了应考士子中的新书销售与新学传播。然而,不管官方是否真的存有鼓励和提倡新学的意图,清末科举改制也为清末的新学传播提供了极大的制度推力,在科举"指挥棒"的指引之下,新学、新书也由此在读书人中间得到了更为广泛的传播。

Facing the impact of new learning from the West, the Qing court appropriated ＂Chinese learning for fundamental principles and Western learning for practical application＂ to construct a brand new ideology, and embodied it in the content of Civil Service Examinations and curriculum of newly built school system. It influenced the practice of the reform of Civil Service Examinations, results in an old criterion for question setting and recruitment in appearance of new looking. Nevertheless, whether the official purpose was to encourage new learning or not, the reform actually provided a great institutional impetus for the dissemination of new learning.