不同经济水平牧户草场植被特征比较

Vegetation Characteristics Comparison of Herders' Pastures at Different Economic Levels in Desert Steppe,Inner Mongolia

以内蒙古荒漠草原家庭牧场为研究尺度,比较分析了不同经济水平牧户草场的植物群落特征,结果表明:主要植物种群的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、重要值及群落多样性指数均呈现出不同程度的趋同性。从社会学角度分析表明,牧区牧户的经济收入与饲养牲畜头数呈高度正相关。不同经济水平牧户草畜平衡的调整和适应能力不同,低经济水平牧户一般牲畜头数少,草场相对可使用面积大,经营意识薄弱,草场经常被有意或无意占用;中等经济水平牧户扩大饲养规模的愿望最为强烈,并积极通过围封、租借草场等方式来保护自家草场和扩大牲畜数量;高经济水平牧户则普遍采取常年租借草场、走场、购买饲草料等措施,减缓对自己草场放牧压力,同时保持畜饲养规模的维持和扩大。牧户存在调整适应行为,并会基于自己的"草畜平衡标准",根据经济条件、草场面积、牲畜数量和对草场状况、放牧超载及效益的认知,适时通过草场流转和输入外部资源等方式,转移放牧压力,致使不同牧户草场生态状况趋于一致。

At the household scale,we analyzed the vegetation characteristics change of herders＇ pastures at different economic levels in desert steppe.The results showed that all of the indicators showed different degrees of homogeneity.The reasons may be that the herders＇ economic incomes are highly positively correlated with the number of livestock they own,and the herders of different economic levels have different adaptability to adjust the balance between animals and grass： the herders of low economic levels,mostly of whom are poor,generally have relatively lager areas of rangelands compared with less livestock,and their rangelands are often occupied intentionally or unintentionally with little payment;The herders of middle economic levels have a most strong desire to breed more livestock,who often protect their own pastures by enclosure,and expand the number of livestock through leasing other herders＇ rangelands;The herders of high economic levels choose to lease rangelands,conduct ＂otor＂ and buy forage all the year to reduce the grazing pressure of their own pastures,and at the same time,maintain or even increase the number of livestock they own.Therefore,the paper indicated that there exists the adaptive behavior in herders＇ production behavior,and according to the stocking rates they consider necessary,the herders often shift their rangelands＇ gazing pressure by leasing pasture or buying forage.All these long-term behaviors result in different herders＇ pastures vegetation characteristics＇ homogeneity at different degrees.