清朝满蒙联姻中的“备指额驸”续谈

Reconsiderations of the Matrimonial Alliance Between the Qing Dynasty and Mongolia

清朝联姻蒙古的指婚制度,经历了发展、变化的过程。清初的指婚制,到康熙时期已发展为记名皇家格格以备指蒙古额驸的做法,乾隆二年以后,又实行令漠南科尔沁等十三旗蒙古提供子弟以备指额驸的做法。嘉庆二十二年后,皇帝鉴于漠南蒙古与清廷的联姻比以前显著减少,又在漠南科尔沁等十三旗中推行强令性政策,以备指额驸,此后,官方始将"备指额驸"作为联姻蒙古的专门概念。而作为今天我们的研究,不妨可将嘉庆二十二年后的这一特殊做法称之为是狭义的"备指额驸"制,康熙以后就实行的"备指额驸"称之为广义的"备指额驸"制。嘉庆二十二年后狭义的"备指额驸"制,效果并不明显,嘉道以后的满蒙联姻,主要是满蒙王公之间的自行通婚。

The system of matrimonial alliance between the Qing Dynasty and Mongolia experienced a long process ot development and changes. Later, under the rule of empera Jia Qing, the matrimonial alliance between Mongolia and the Qing Dynasty became obviously rare. So the Qing government issued a peremptory policy to carry out the matrimonial alliance between the Qing Dynasty and Mongolia. From then on, the matrimonial alliance between the Qing Dynasty and Mongolia was the transracial marriage between the princes and dukes of the Qing Dynasty and Mongolia.