信息公开理念下的定密异议与司法审查

The Objection to Classifying State Secrets and Judicial Review under the Idea of Information Openness

政府信息公开的范围受到国家秘密范围的直接影响。在中国现行制度框架下,基于法律位阶、一般法与特别法、新法与旧法、法律责任等因素,《政府信息公开条例》的适用受到《中华人民共和国保守国家秘密法》的严格约束,形成了"以保密为原则,以公开为例外"的行政实践。美国法上关于定密异议及其司法审查制度,是推动《信息自由法》得以顺利实施的关键。中国的定密异议制度在制度架构和程序设计上存在诸多缺陷,亟待整体上的革新。完善中国定密异议制度:扩大定密异议权的主体,建立更为多元化的定密异议受理主体,进一步完善定密异议处理机制,明确定密异议中的证明责任规则。建立定密异议的司法审查机制,允许个人对定密信息提出异议,借用体制外的力量对国家秘密进行监督和维护。以定密异议及其司法审查机制为核心,能够从根本上改变保密与信息公开之关系,推动"以公开为原则,以保密为例外"理念的形成和落实。

The scope of information disclosure is directly influenced by the scope of state secrets. In the current framework, due to such factors as the legal hierarchy, the relation between the special laws and the general laws, the new laws and the old laws, and the difference of accountability, the application of OGI is strictly confined by Law of the People~ Republic of China on Guarding State Secrets, which leads to the concep- tion ＂guarding the secrecy is the principle and disclosure of information is the exemption＂ in practice. In the United States, the mechanism of objection to classifying secrets and relative judicial review is the key factor in successfully implementing FOIA. There still exist many problems and defects in our mechanism of objection to classifying secrets in terms of its institutional framwork and procedure design, which needs to be amended on the whole. Through the perfection of such mechanism and relative judicial review, the relationship between guarding the secrecy and disclosure of information could be radically changed ness is the principle and guarding the secrecy is the exemption＂ could come , and the conception ＂the open- into being and be carried out.