康德对上帝存有本体论证明的批判及其体系意义

Kant's Criticism of the Ontological Testification of the Dasein of God and its Constitutional Significance

在《纯粹理性批判》中,康德对上帝存有的本体论证明进行了批判,他的主要论据是:"是(存在)"(Sein)和"存有"(Dasein)分别是逻辑的谓词和实在的谓词,而本体论证明错误地混淆了这两类谓词。康德的批判表明科学无法解决超验的上帝问题,知识的有效性应限制在可能经验的范围内,而这为道德与信仰保留了空间,开启了道德神学的可能性。道德神学基于道德的必然要求,在主观确信的意义上证明了上帝的实存。从思辨神学到道德神学的转换体现了康德哲学的根本旨趣:哲学的目标在于为人类的福利和尊严奠定基础;为实现这一目标必须限制科学的适用范围,在知识和信仰之间保持适宜的张力。康德哲学对当代哲学探讨的启示是:我们有必要对一切自然主义或唯科学主义的主张保持警惕。

In Critique of Pure Reason,Kant criticizes the ontological testification of the Dasein of God and points out that Sein is a logical predicate while Dasein is a notional predicate.Kant holds that science cannot solve the transcendental problems of God while the efficiency of knowledge should be confined within the possible experience,which offers some room for moral and belief as well as the possibility of moral theology.Moral theology is based on the moral necessity and proves the Dasein of God subjectively.The shift from speculative theology to moral theology reveals the aim of Kantisn philosophy,that is,philosophy aims to lay a basis for human welfare and dignity.The realization of this goal relies on the limited application of science and maintains proper tension between knowledge and belief.The enlightenment of Kantian philosophy to modern philosophy is that we should be on the alert against some ideas of naturalism and scientism.