明代官员久任法研究

Views on Official Long Tenure System in the Ming Dynasty

明代官员久任法既保留着往昔的历史特质,又在承袭中有所发展,表现出鲜明的时代特征。洪武至正德,是久任法的滥觞期,此期官多久任,相关配套制度不断完善,成为官员久任法得以持续推行的重要保障。及弘、正时,官员速迁之势渐盛,久任遭致破坏,难以维系。至嘉靖,正式将久任立为一法,但受大礼议及严嵩专权的冲击,此期官员久任呈现出有法可依而执法不严的怪象。万历初,张居正秉政,复行久任之法,相关制度臻于完善;但从张居正死至明亡之前,明廷虽有重振旧法之意,无奈皇祚将倾,久任法近于废弛。作为官员管理制度的重要组成部分,明代官员久任法与考核、铨选、监察等制度相联系,一定程度上有利于官员谙练政务,务实行事,责以实效;但若久任非人,此法则易造成仕途淹滞,苟且玩愒,形成利益集团,从而导致吏治腐败,行政效率低下。

The long tenure system not only preserved the historical characteristics of the past,but aslo developed with its distinctive time characteristics.From Hongwu to Zhengde,this period was the beginning of the long tenure system,most of officials could long tenure,the related system of continuous improvement,as this system could carry out the important guarantee.When in the times of Hongzhi,due to some historical factors,officials were promoting in the burgeoning trend,which led to the fall of the act.In Jiajing period,the long tenure system was formally establishing,however,under the impact of the Great Ritual Controversy and Yan Songs monopolizing power officials terms took on strange phenomenon of lax enforcement.At the beginning of the Wanli period,the long tenure system returned with the operation of Zhangjuzheng,but after he died,this act wasnt abolished,until the fall of the Ming Dynasty.Though the Ming Dynasty court had the ambition to revive such out,the act couldnt function,because of the emperors approaching death.In fact,as an important constituent of the official management system,the long tenure system should be linked with the official assessment,appointment and supervision system,which was conducive to be proficient,pragmatic and act responsible for them to a certain extent.Otherwise,it would cause official flooded sluggish,form interest groups,lead to the official corruption and low administrative efficiency.