双轨参政——以私营企业主政治参与为例

Double-track of Political Participation———Taking the Political Participation of Private Entrepreneurs as an Example

我国私营企业主的政治参与,一方面由执政党和国家自上而下分配政治职位或荣誉,即进行旨在精英吸纳的政治安排,从而增强私营企业主对执政党的认同感,减少私营企业主的对抗,另一方面,私营企业主阶层通过自下而上的方式影响执政党的政策制定,满足自身团体利益需求,与执政党博弈:个体私营业主通过民间商会反映整个行业或团体利益诉求,扩大影响力;企业通过面对面沟通或公开提出诉求的游说来影响政府的决策过程;通过兼顾公私利益、代表自身团体利益的提案和议案表达诉求。私营企业主形成了一种自上而下和自下而上双轨关系同时存在,互相作用又互相博弈的双轨式的参政模式,即为"双轨参政"。

After the reform of China,the needs of political participation for the private entrepreneurs emerged.At first,the approach was a top-down mode developed by governments to absorb economic elites into political decision systems,and private entrepreneurs accepted the political arrangements so as to exercise their influence.Then,gradually,there emerged a new self-organized bottom up mode,in which private entrepreneurs formed trade associations and lobbying groups to reflect their group interests.Thus,todays political participation is a mixed mode of top down and bottom up approaches.This is what we call a double-track of political participation.Even though the former form is still much more prevalent than the latter,the self-organized bottom-up mode deserves our attention in the future.