农地分配制度不是农地冲突的根本原因——基于湖北和湖南农村问卷调查的实证分析

Agricultural Land System Does not Cause Agricultural Land Conflicts

农地冲突是当前我国农村经济发展和城镇化进程中的普遍问题,在—些地方相当突出,严重影响了农村的社会稳定和经济发展,探讨农地冲突的原因有助于化解农村矛盾及构建和谐繁荣的农村社区。本文利用笔者在湖北和湖南两省收集到的数据,应用Logit概率模型实证分析了农地分配制度、非农就业收入及其差距和人力资本等可能引起农地冲突的因素的影响。与通常的看法不同,本文并没有发现农地分配制度是农地冲突的显著诱因,原因可能在于我国的农地在改革初期是按人口或劳动力平均分配的,其后的调整大多也是经农民自主协商按照市场规则完成的,并没有引起农民的明显不满,因而也就没有成为农地冲突的诱因。本文的研究结果还表明,非农就业收入、非农就业收入差距和家庭人力资本对农地冲突的影响显著,非农就业收入越低,其差距越小,家庭人力资本越多,农地冲突发生的概率越大,是农地冲突的主要诱因。这表明非农就业收入越少,农民通过非农就业增加家庭收入的隧道效应越弱,对农业收入的依赖性越大,农地就越重要,农地冲突越容易发生;家庭男性成员越多,家庭社会地位越高,在打架斗殴和上访诉讼中越占优势,农地冲突也越容易爆发。因此,为了减少农地冲突,应采取切实措施,促进农村劳动力向非农部门转移,加强农村法制建设,限制丛林行为。

Farmland conflict has become a common problem in China currently in the course of rural economic development and urbanization, and it is extremely intense in some places. Farmland conflict has seriously affected the social stability and economic development of rural areas, so the cause exploration of farmland conflict will be conducive to resolving the conflict and constructing the harmonious and prosperous rural community. This paper makes an empirical analysis of influence of factors that may cause farmland conflict such as farmland allocation system, non-agricultural employment income, non-agricultural employment income disparity and human capital by using Logit probability model and the data collected in Hubei and Hunan provinces. One of the analysis results is that the farmland allocation system doesn＇ t affect farmland conflict significantly, which is different from the conventional view. The reason may be that in the early reform era in China, farmland was averagely allocated according to the population or labor force, and its adjustments later on were mostly completed independently by farmers through consultations according to market rules, which thus does not cause the farmers＇ obviousdiscomfort and farmland conflict. The analysis also shows that factors such as non-agricultural employment income, non-agricultural employment income disparity and household human capital have statistically significant effects on farmland conflict. The lower the non-agricultural employment income, or the smaller the non-aaricuhural emolovment income disnarity, or the richer the housahold human canital the greater the probability of farmland conflict happens. It shows that if the non-agricultural employment income is lower, thetunneling effects of income increase through non-agricultural employment will be weaker, the farmers＇ reliance on agricultural income will be greater, the farmland will be more important to farmers, thus the farmland conflict will be more likely to happen. If a family have more male members, the family＇ s social status will be higher, they will have more advantage in fighting and petitioning, thus the farmland conflict is more likely to happen. Therefore, in order to reduce the farmland conflict, effective measures should be adopted to promote the transfer of rural labor to non-agricultural industries and to strengthen the legal system building and restrict the jungle behavior in ruralareas.