从甲骨金文与考古资料的比较看汉字起源时代——并论良渚文化组词类陶文与汉字的起源

THE DATE OF THE ORIGINATION OF THE CHINESE CHARACTERS SEEN FROM THE COMPARISON OF THE ORACLE BONE AND BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS:ALSO ON THE WORD-FORMING POTTERY MARKS OF LIANGZHU CULTURE AND THE DATE OF THE CHINESE CHARACTERS

中国文字的起源不仅是中国文明诞生的组成部分，而且是最重要的判定标志，因此这一问题受到学术界的普遍重视。自从1899年发现了比周代金文更早的殷墟甲骨文之后，探讨中国文字起源的问题便逐渐形成了热潮。随着20世纪我国考古事业的发展，学术界都把殷商之前文字发现的希望寄托在考古出土的文物上。特别是上世纪50年代以后，考古新资料层出不穷，例如陕西西安半坡遗址、临潼姜寨遗址、青海民和马厂遗址、乐都柳湾遗址、上海崧泽遗址、马桥遗址、山东莒县陵阳河遗址，以及近些年考古发现的河南贾湖遗址、湖北宜昌杨家湾遗址、清水滩遗址、安徽蚌埠双墩遗址等新石器时代的陶器上，往往刻画或绘制着各种刻划符号或图形符号。不同学科的学者从不同的角度对这些符号或图形进行解读，形成了汉字起源于图画或刻划符号两种不同观点，而对汉字产生时代的推定更是说法不一。这些观点主要来自对中国文字起源产生途径的看法不同，需要认真检讨。

By comparing the structures of the characters in the oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty and the materials found in the archaeological remains, we understand that the oracle bone and bronze inscriptions have preserved many forms and structures mir- roring the shapes of concrete objects which had emerged far earlier than the Xia and Shang Dynasties. The form of the character you 酉 and the compound marks with it as a radical roughly emerged in the late phase of Yangshao Culture; the form of the character bing and the compound marks with it as a radical emerged at the time of the Banpo Type of Yang- shao Culture; the form of the character li 鬲;in the early oracle bone inscription emerged at the time of the Miaodigou Phase II Culture through the Longshan Culture ;the marks resem- bling the characters gong 宫, yong 吕 , yong（雍） and so on emerged at the time of Shaanxi Longshan Culture. Moreover, during the time of Liangzhu Culture, many assemblages of character-like marks resembling words or phrases even sentences emerged, which showed that the Chinese characters have formally formed at that time. The large amounts of the forms of characters such as you 酉, fu 畐, and bing 丙 actually mirrored the shape of the pottery bottles with wide shoulder, contracted waist and pointed bottom, which emerged around 5500-5000 BP, while the assembled character-like marks or signs resembling words even sentences also emerged in Liangzhu Culture around 5300-4300 BP; these two events cross-confirmed that the Chinese characters would have formally originated the earliest around 5500-5300 BP.