杭州湾水污染特征、原因及防治对策

Characteristics and Causes of Hangzhou Bay Water Pollution and Its Countermeasures

杭州湾水污染呈现三个主要特征为:水环境质量多年甚差,主要污染因子是无机氮和活性磷酸盐;近岸海水污染重于离岸,内湾污染重于外湾;全国主要海湾河口生态系统横向比较,杭州湾位居最差之列。其水污染严重的主要原因有三个:特殊的地形水文是自然原因,两岸陆源污染加剧是主要原因,海洋环境管理体制和机制缺陷是关键原因。加强防治应抓住四个重要环节:一是实施基于环境容量的总量控制制度,二是完善源头减排管理制度,三是健全末端治理监管制度,四是探索海湾水环境治理区域合作制度。

Hangzhou Bay water pollution has three main features： the quality of water environment for many years has been very poor, and the main pollution factors are inorganic nitrogen and active phosphate; the coastal seawater pollution is heavier than that offshore, and the inner bay pollution is heavier as to the outer bay pollution; in comparison with other major national estuarine ecosystem, Hangzhou Bay is the worst. There are three main reasons for the water pollution： the special hydrological terrain is the nature reason, the aggravation of the land--based pollution is the main reason, and the defect of marine environmental management system and mechanism is the key reason. Four important aspects should be grasped in order to strengthen the prevention and control of water pollution in Hangzhou Bay： the first is to implement total quantity control system based on environment capacity, the second is to perfect the management system of reducing emission from the source, the third is to improve the supervision system of treatment, and the fourth is to explore the regional cooperation system of gulf water environment governance.