清宫藏“白上乐王佛”图像溯源

Tracing The Origin of 'bDe mchog dkar po'(White Shamvara Buddha)Collected in The Palace Museum

在故宫博物院所藏佛像中,有种名为"白上乐"的佛像,双身、一面两臂,男尊两手各持一宝瓶,交叉于胸前并拥抱明妃,明妃两手均持颅碗。这些上乐像均为清宫旧藏,且样式并不常见。通过查看各种佛教图像集成,发现与之相同的白上乐,只见于《三百佛像集》和《诸佛菩萨圣像赞》。再通过阅读文献,得知清宫白上乐主要用于长寿修法。同样用于长寿修法的白上乐,在《五百佛像集》中也有一尊,其身形与清宫白上乐完全不同。两尊功能相近的白上乐,却显示出相异的图像特征。清宫所藏白上乐来自何处?因何出现在清宫之中?又与《五百佛像集》中的白上乐有何异同?针对以上问题,本文进行了详细的探讨。

Among the statues and images of Samvara Buddha(Shànglè Fó)in the collection of The Palace Museum now are there dozens of rare portraits of the Buddha inscribed or titled ever since the Qing court with Chinese characters of'白上乐'(Bái Shànglè)which was translated from 'bDe mchog dkar po' or 'White Samvara Buddha',who is seated cross-legged hugging his consort in the Yab-yum posture while holding an amrta-kalasa in his either hand,the consort lifts two Kapalas up in both of her hands over his shoulders towards the back side of his head whereas.None of the look-alike images have ever been found except from volumes of Three Hundred Images of The Buddhas(Sān Bǎ i Fóxiàng Jí)and Enlogies to The Sacred Images of The Buddhas and Bodhisattva(Zhū Fó Púsà Shèng Xiàng Zàn).The seated figure of 'bDe mchog dkar po'(Bái Shànglè)in The Palace Museum has close tie with the practice dharma for long life the way as the standing image of 'bDe mchog dkar po tshe sgrub'(Chángshòu Báisè Shànglè Wáng Fó)included in Five Hundred Images of The Buddhas(Wǔ Bǎi Fóxiàng Jí),but they are different by origin.There is a detailed discussion as to the issues concerning their sources in this thesis.