论晚清兴学群体中的“士”——以盛氏教育幕僚为中心

On Intellectuals among Education Group in Late Qing Dynasty——to Sheng Xuan-huai's Education Aides as the Center

中国新式教育起步于19世纪晚期,积极参与晚清洋务运动的地方督抚和绅商同样也是这场教育革新的发动者。作为晚清绅商之首,盛宣怀始终热衷兴办各类新式学堂和文化机构,不但有诸多开创之功,而且成效斐然,对当时及后世都产生了重要影响。不过,盛宣怀的教育贡献非一人之功,而是得益于其办学幕僚的佐助。盛多方网罗热心西学教育的新型士人群体,组成教育幕僚。他们是盛宣怀办学活动的教育理论提供者、具体办学活动的承办者,而盛宣怀则是教育理论的吸收者、办学活动的指导者和支持者。他们之间良性互动,共同成就了盛宣怀的教育文化事业。由此而言,近代教育的萌芽与进步是由官、商、士凝聚成的群体力量合力推动的结果。

Chinese modem education started in the late 19th century. Actively participate in the late Qing Dynasty westernization movement of local governors and the gentry merchant class are also the education reform sponsors. As the first gentry merchant, Sheng Xuan-huai （1844-1916） always keened to set up various kinds of modem schools and cultural institutions, not only had many pioneering contributions but also gain much, and had an important influence on that time and later ages. His contribution was not one of the power, but due to much assistance of his education aides who were the new intellectual group enthusiastic western education. They were the providers of education thought and, the contractors of educational activities. Conversely, Sheng was an absorber, mentor and supporter. The positive interaction between the two jointly promoted Sheng＇s educational and cultural undertakings. Thus, the emergence and progress of modem education was the common result including the governors, merchant and intellectuals.