从地方志资料看明清时期通州的漕运

The Caoyun of Tongzhou in Ming and Qing Dynasty as Seen from Local Records Reference Materials

明清时期的通州为北京左辅,是重要的政治与军事枢纽,作为京杭大运河沿岸的漕运重镇,明清两朝中央政府不但在通州设重兵守护粮仓,而且置仓场侍郎、坐粮厅、通惠河郎中、厅汛等官员疏浚通州河道、修筑闸坝、收支税粮,将通州视为畿辅之门户。同时通州政治地位的变迁也与自然地理环境、漕运政策、国家方略密不可分,正是在多重因素的影响下,通州在明清五百余年中一直享有"一京、二卫、三通州"的盛名。

Tongzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasty was an important political and military stronghold on the east of Beijing. As a place of strategic importance along the route of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,it was seen as the gateway leading to the country's capital. The central government of both the Ming and Qing Dynasty not only deployed massive forces in Tongzhou to guard and protect the caoyun granaries,but also sent officials such as Cangchang Shilang( Assistant Minister for Caoyun Granaries) ,Zuoliangting ( Director-General of Caoyun Grains Revenue and Expenditure Affairs) ,Tonghuihe Langzhong( Director-General of Tonghui River Affairs) ,Tingxun ( Director of Flood Control) to dredge up the river in Tongzhou,to build floodgates and dams,to speed up or gather up caoyun boats,and to deal with income and expenditure of grain taxes. Meanwhile,the transformation of Tongzhou's political position was closely connected with its natural and geographical environment,the policies on caoyun,and national strategies. It was under the influences of multiple factors that Tongzhou enjoyed the fame of'Beijing,No. 1; Tianjin,No. 2; and Tongzhou,No. 3'in about five hundred years during the Ming and Qing Dynasty.