保证保险法律属性再思考

Study On the Legal Attribute of Bond Insurance

围绕保证保险的法律属性,国内存在保证说、保险说及二元说之争论。相关争论的实质源于人们对保险与担保两种法律制度间基本功能差异的模糊认识,以及对保证保险行为无因性特征的忽视。保险的基本功能是分散与转移风险,担保的基本功能是为债权提供保障,二者侧重明显不同。保证保险是一种带有担保性质的保险,分散与转移风险是其首要功能和特征。保证保险合同与其基础合同间是彼此独立的关系,该独立性源自于商事交易本身对效率、安全和便捷的内在追求。当保证保险合同与其基础合同间存在冲突时法院应充分尊重当事人的特别约定。保险人承担保证责任与保险责任之间的冲突并不能否定保证保险的保险属性。

The arguments on the legal attributes of bond insurance include guarantee theory, insurance theory and dualistic theory. The essence of the argument originates from the obscure understanding of the fundamental function differences between insurance and guarantee, and the neglect on the non-causation feature of the bond insur- ance. The insurance＇ s basic function is risk dispersing and transfer, and the guarantee＇ s basic function is to pro- vide guarantee for creditor~ rights. Therefore, they are clearly different in point of emphasis. The bond insurance is a kind of insurance with some guarantee characteristics, and risk dispersing and transfer is its first and foremost characteristic and main function. The bond insurance contract is independent of the underlying contract. Such inde- pendence originates from commercial transactions＇ inherent purpuit of efficiency, safety, and expedience. The court should fully respect the parties＇ special agreement when conflicts arise between the bond insurance contract and the underlying contract. The fact that the insurer undertakes both the guarantee responsibility and the insurance liability cannot change the insurance nature of the bond insurance.