图尔敏的逻辑观述略

An Outline of S.Toulmin's View on Logic

在1958年出版的《论证的运用》（TheUsesofArgument）一书中，英国哲学家史蒂芬·图尔敏（StephenToulmin，1922--2009）试图通过对当时逻辑学研究方式和学科性质的理论反思，来揭示哲学与认识论研究中所潜藏的理论问题。由于书中对数学化、形式化研究方法提出质疑与挑战，该书一出版即遭到了形式逻辑学家的激烈批评，并最终被评定为一本包含理论偏见与错误的“反逻辑著作”。然而，半个世纪以来，图尔敏的逻辑思想尽管被放逐于哲学领域之外，但它在当代论证理论、修辞学、言语交际研究等领域备受推崇。同样，现代逻辑的发展虽然一直持守着其数学化、形式化的研究传统，但图尔敏当年所揭示的论证要素、推论强度、领域依赖等诸多议题，都以不同的方式重新得到当代形式逻辑学家的关注与探讨。这一略显吊诡的历史发展，既促发了当今学者重拾图尔敏著作的理论兴趣，同时也为我们重新审视其逻辑思想提供了更为全面的历史证据。

In spite of a poor reception of The Uses of Argument among formal logicians,Stephen Toulmin's ideas about argument and logic have continuously influenced contemporary argumentation studies in a significant way.This paper gives a comprehensive interpretation of Toulmin's view on logic.It is argued that Toulmin has rightly diagnosed the Practical Discontinuity of current logical studies,and his proposal of re-conceptualizing Logic as Generalized Jurisprudence is of special value and importance in reclaiming the discipline from losing its practical application in ordinary life.On that basis,it is also indicated,from a historical point of view,that Toulmin's view of logic has been misjudged,and its merits are indeed underestimated.