为什么冷战后国际制度的形成不由美国所愿

Why Was the Formation of International Institutions Not in Accordance with the US Preference after the Cold War?

冷战结束后,国际制度的形成出现了一些不同于以往的特点。《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种武器的公约》、《京都议定书》、《国际刑事法院规约》等全球性国际制度在美国反对的情况下,仍然成功建立起来。对于这一现象,既有研究主要从制度推动者的意愿和能力两个角度进行了解释,但却没有回答"为什么美国不能限制制度推动者的影响"这一问题。作者以国际制度谈判中的领导力为分析视角,讨论了结构性领导力、知识性领导力和社会性领导力在国际制度形成中的作用以及单极结构下美国领导力下降的原因和作用机理。国际体系结构由两极转变为单极导致美国的结构性领导力和社会性领导力下降,进而导致其无法按照自身偏好塑造国际制度规则。这一研究与既有研究的结合,构成了对"冷战后国际制度在美国反对的情况下仍然成功建立起来"这一经验现象的合理解释。

In the post-Cold War era,the formation of international institutions displays some distinctive features.Some global institutions such as Convention on the Prohibition of the Use,Stockpiling,Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and Their Destruction,Kyoto Protocol and Statute of International Criminal Court were successfully established under the opposition of the US.The existing studies which explain this phenomenon primarily from the perspective of the institution-pushers' will and capability,did not answer the question why the US could not constrain the influence of the institution-pushers.Adopting the leadership approach of international institutional negotiation,the author discusses the role of the structural,intellectual and social leadership in the formation of international institutions as well as the causes and effecting mechanism of the decline of the US leadership in the unipolar structure.The shift from bipolarity to unipolarity led to the decline of the US leadership,and therefore gave rise to the fact that the US failed to shape the rules of international institutions in line with its preference.This research,combined with the existing studies,can provide a reasonable explanation for the empirical phenomenon that some international institutions were successfully established under the US opposition after the Cold War.[Key Words]leadership,international institutions,unipolar structure