白马雪山自然保护区响古箐滇金丝猴活动时间分配

Time budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve,Northwest Yunnan,China

2008年6月至2009年5月,在白马雪山国家级自然保护区南端的响古箐(北纬27°37',东经99°22'),采用瞬时扫描取样法对一群数量约480只的滇金丝猴群的活动时间分配进行了研究。研究期间共观察取样1609h,扫描个体数为260546。研究表明,响古箐滇金丝猴用38.8%的时间取食、27.4%的时间移动、20.9%的时间休息、12.9%的时间从事其他类型活动。滇金丝猴活动时间分配季节性差异明显。冬季,滇金丝猴的取食时间长于其他季节,达到41.5%;秋季,取食时间在全年最短(36.5%)。夏季的高温没有影响滇金丝猴的移动,它们移动的时间达到32.8%,高于其他3个季节。寒冷的冬季,响古箐滇金丝猴为了减少能量损失,用于休息的时间达到24.4%。秋季,滇金丝猴从事其他类型活动的时间(15.7%)多于另外3个季节。研究发现,绝对移动时间与昼长和月平均温度呈明显正相关(P<0.01),绝对休息时间与月平均温度呈负相关(r=-0.585,P=0.046),但降水量的多少与猴群各种活动时间分配之间没有明显的相关性(P>0.05)。食物贡献率与滇金丝猴日活动时间分配也存在相关性。取食松萝比例与猴群移动时间呈负相关(r=-0.902,P<0.001),与休息时间呈正相关(r=0.860,P<0.001)。猴群取食树叶比例增加时,它们移动时间也随之增加(r=0.832,P=0.001)。夏季,滇金丝猴取食竹笋的比例增加时,猴群移动时间也明显增多。以上结果表明,滇金丝猴活动时间分配受食物资源状况、昼长季节性变化和气候条件的影响。

Studies of time budgets can provide important information about the time allocation patterns,movement rules,and habitat use of nonhuman primates.A large group of up to 480 individual black and white snub-nosed monkeys（Rhinopithecus bieti）living at Xiangguqing（27°37＇N,99°22＇E）,within the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve,was observed to determine how monkeys spent their time.Data were collected from June 2008 to May 2009 via instantaneous scan sampling.In total,we observed 260 546 individual activity records,and obtained 1 609 observation hours.Group members spent 38.8% of their time feeding,27.4% moving,20.9% resting,and 12.9% engaged in other activities.Time budgets showed significant seasonal variation：monkeys spent more time feeding in winter（41.5%）,and less in autumn（36.5%）.In summer,the group spent more time moving（32.8%）than they did in other seasons.To conserve energy,monkeys rested most often in winter（24.4%）.More time was devoted to other activities（15.7%）during autumn.The amount of absolute time spent moving showed a significant positive relationship with day length and monthly mean temperature（P 0.01）.Absolute time spent resting was significantly negatively affected by monthly mean temperature（r =-0.585,P = 0.046）.Precipitation amount did not influence the time budgets of the study group at all（P 0.05）.Seasonal dietary changes had a strong influence on activity patterns;monkeys moved less（r =0.902,P 0.001）and rested more（r = 0.860,P 0.001）when primarily consuming lichens,moving more often while young leaves or bamboo shoots were abundant（r = 0.832,P = 0.001）.These results suggest that the time budget of R.bieti reflects an adaptation to seasonal variations in diet,day length,and climate.