文化和情境影响亲属词的概念结构

Influence of Culture and Circumstance on Kinship Words’ Conceptual Structure

以摩梭人和汉族的高中生为对象,采用自由分类法,考察在满月酒、结婚和吊唁情境的亲属词概念结构,揭示微观文化情境对亲属关系认知的影响以及与宏观文化情境的交互作用。结果发现:(1)在不同情境下,摩梭人和汉族人对亲属词的分类既有相同之处,又存在差异。两个民族都看重"亲属的亲密程度"和"辈分",但摩梭人还区分"照顾者/被照顾者",汉族人还考虑"性别"和"亲属关系的性质";(2)摩梭人对亲属词的分类体现了母系文化的特征,重视舅舅和外甥在亲属关系中的地位和作用;汉族人对亲属词的分类体现了汉文化的特征,重视媳妇和孙辈在亲属关系中的地位和作用。(3)亲属概念具有核心特征与情境依赖特征。文化和情境通过概念特征的激活和分类标准的采择影响对亲属词的分类。

Kinship words are important and intricate social concepts which convey abundant information of heredity, marriage, society and culture. Kinship system plays an important part in human culture which also inversely affects people＇s cognition for kinship. Few researches focused on the problems such as mechanism of microcosmic circumstance＇s influence on kinship＇s cognition and the mechanism of interaction between macro-environment and micro-environment. The Moso is a matriarchal ethnic group living in the border of Yunnan and Sichuan provinces and famous for ＂A zhu marriage＂ and ＂Matriarchal society family＂.The Hart nationality＇s kinship system is distinct from The Moso. The present study intends to compare the conceptual structure of kinship words of the Moso and the Han nationality under different circumstance. Natural classifying and multi-dimensional scale were used to explore the Moso and the Han nationality＇s conceptual structure of kinship words under ＂Manyue Wine （a reception for a baby＇s completion of its first month of life）＂, ＂Marriage＂ and ＂Condolence＂ circumstance. The subjects were 225 Moso students and 242 Han students both from Yunnan＇ Ninglang district. Before classifying, different instructions were read to lead the subjects to imagine the circumstance. Results showed that： Under the ＂The Manyue wine＂ circumstance, Moso＇s conceptual structure of kinship words were grouped into two dimensions： （1） grade in the family hierarchy; （2） level of intimacy among the relatives. Han nationality＇s conceptual structure of kinship words were also grouped into two dimensions： （1） the nature of kinship; （2） level of intimacy among the relatives. Under the ＂Marriage＂ circumstance; Moso＇s conceptual structure of kinship words were grouped into two dimensions： （1） grade in the family hierarchy; （2） level of intimacy among the relatives. Han nationality＇s conceptual structure were also grouped into two dimensions： （1） grade in the family hierarchy; （2） gender. Under the ＂Condolence＂ circumstance, Moso＇s conceptual structure of kinship words were grouped into two dimensions： （1） grade in the family hierarchy; （2） level of intimacy among the relatives. Han nationality＇s conceptual structure of kinship words were also grouped into two dimensions： （1） level of intimacy among the relatives; （2） grade in the family hierarchy. The importance ranking of kinship has significant correlation among 3 kinds of situations. Results showed that the structures of kinship words between Moso and Han reflect the characteristics of Moso culture and Han culture, showing culture＇s shape to social cognition with intrinsic difference. Compared to the Han nationality, the most distinct characteristics of Moso＇s kinship words classifying was followed with four aspects： （1） M other＇s brother was classified into the same group with immediate elders under ＂Manyue Wine＂ and ＂Marriage＂ circumstance. （2） Sister＇s son was alone under ＂Condolence＂ circumstance. （3） Grandchildren relatives weren＇t revealed special intimacy under the ＂Marriage＂ and ＂Condolence＂ circumstance. （4） There is no ＂in laws/ not in laws＂ dimension, and also there was no ＂Marriage＂ group in the kinship words classification.Similarities and difference exist in kinship classifying between the Moso and Hart no matter circumstance＇s guidance, reflecting situation＇s influence on kinship words＇ cognition. The Moso＇s ＂zou-fang＂ system and Han nationality＇s condolence system can reflect the macroscopic feature of Moso culture and Han culture. The divergence of classification under microcosmic circumstance also reflects the role of work memory. All results indicated that： （1） Under different situations, the classifying result between Moso and Han has not only similarity but also divergence; （2） The importance ranking of kinship has significant correlation under these kinds of situations; （3） Culture and situation affect relatives＇ conceptual structure.