清末钦定正史考论

A Examination of the Imperial Standard History in the Late Qing Period

封建王朝的官方史学至清代发展到了顶峰,标志之一即为乾隆朝正式确立了"钦定正史"的史学模式,即通过君主公开认定以及官方出资刊刻的方式赋予特定史籍以王朝正统的含义。耐人寻味的是,自乾隆朝后,有清一代还发生了另外一次、也是最后一次钦定正史的行为,其性质和内容与乾隆朝相似,而时代背景和最终结局则呈现明显的反差。此次钦定正史发生在政局衰颓的清朝末年,其时光绪帝、宣统帝以及南书房、国史馆官员均对此事给予了普遍重视,却以未果而告终。通过详细梳理清末最后一次钦定正史的前后经过可以看出,在清末民初时代的演进过程中,钦定正史一事的结局似乎预示了清王朝无法挽救的政治与文化危机。并且,清末钦定正史事件已经预示着封建王朝确立的正史观念亦面临着危机,随之而来的,是清末民初正史观念前所未有之变局。

Official history develops to a high point in the Qing Dynasty,which can be signified by the imperial standard history model formally made in Qianlong reign.That is certain history books are given orthodox meaning by the ways of emperor’s formal determination or receiving the governmental publishing support.Interestingly,during the late Qing period,there is another imperial standard history incident after Qianlong reign which gets enough attention from Guangxu,Xuantong and the officials such as Nan Shufang and Guo Shiguan,but ends up with failure.The article combs the process of the incident to explore the relationship between the imperial standard history and politics in the late Qing period.