汉语语法语音构造的相似性及其差别

Similarities and Differences between the Structures of Chinese Grammar vs.Phonology

汉语语法和语音的特点不同,但其隐含的构造规律十分相似。语法的核心句式是主语、谓语、宾语三个部分,主语在前,谓语宾语紧随其后。从北京话的语音构造来看,字音的声母和语法的主语相当,字音的韵母和语法的谓语相当。汉语的句式按谓语的性质分为体词谓语句,形容词谓语句,动词谓语句,主谓谓语句四类。体词谓语句,形容词谓语句,主谓谓语句这三种句式不带宾语,和开尾韵的韵母相当。动词谓语句可以带宾语,和I、U尾韵、N尾韵、NG尾韵的韵母相当。句式中的次动词,和I、U、Y起头的韵母相当。北京话的二十二个声母和三十六个韵母,组合成的不同音节,和语法的多类句式相当。语法和语音构造的相互关系,对语法研究和方言语法调查有借鉴作用。作者深切的感到,语法好像是被一条语音的纽带串联起来似的。至少在客观上,有这种现象。全文分八节;零、概说;壹、主语和谓语;贰、动词谓语句的语法结构;叁、次动词和谓语;肆、语法语音句式构造举例;伍、语法语音构造的差别;陆、语音构造和语法研究;柒、附录从语音看语法。

The implicit rules of structure of Chinese grammar and phonology are of great similarity though their features are of great difference. The core sentence pattern of grammar is that subject, verb and object go one after another in sequence （SVO）. As for the phonology,initialsare to subjectsas finalsareto verbs. Predicate sentences are analogous to syllables in structure. Chinese sentences can be grouped into four major types： 1） substantive predicate sentences, 2） adjective predicate sentences, 3） verb predicate sentences,and 4） subject-predicate sentences. Types 1）, 2） and 4） do not contain objects, just like the finals that do not end with consonants. Verb predicate sentences can contain objects, just like the finals that end with I, U, N, or NG. Sub-verbs in the sentences are analogous to the finals beginning with I, U or Y. The syllables constructed with 22 initials and 36 finals in the phonology of Putonghua （Beijing dialect） are just like the sentence patterns in grammar. The analogy between Chinese grammar and phonology can shed light on the survey and research in dialectology. The paper consists of 8 parts： 0 ） a brief introduction, 1 ） subjects and predicates, 2 ） grarnmaticalstructure of verb predicate sentences, 3） sub-verbs and predicates, 4） examples of structures： phonology vs. grammar, 5） differences of structures： phonology vs. grammar, 6） phonological structures and grammar research, and 7） appendix： grammar from a phonological perspective.