晋南小麦腥黑穗病菌种鉴别与思考

Identification of Wheat Bunts in Southern Shanxi

小麦腥黑穗病穗籽粒全毁，病粒果皮4层结构仍在，单个病粒内至少有1000万个冬孢子，可多渠道传播，或危害下茬小麦，或释放三甲胺等毒物污染面粉、麦麸饲料，威胁原粮、食品、畜产品安全。1995年以来，小麦腥黑穗病在北京、上海、天津等16个省市均有发生，似呈扩大态势。但相关菌种识别却少有报道。本研究用光镜、电镜检测了晋南的万荣、闻喜、芮城、盐湖等县区的小麦腥黑穗病原菌厚垣孢子，直径15μm，孢子表面平整，属小麦光腥黑粉菌Tilletia foetida（Wallr．）Lindr．。国外试用芥末粉拌种、Museodor albus菌剂拌种等生防技术控制小麦腥黑穗病，值得关注。提出了能否用腥黑病粒生产三甲胺等一些思考。

Each seed of the wheat plants infected by common bunts is completely filled with black spores containing poisonous trimethylamine and giving off a fishy odor. A single infected seed, usually called ＂bunt ball＂, contains at least 10 millions of teliospores that can be easily dispersed in many ways to possibly infect the next generation of wheat plants, or contaminate commercial wheat grains, food and/or feed. Infections of wheat bunts have been reported in at least 16 provinces and cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin since 1995, and which seems going to to be worse. In this study 4 samples of wheat bunts from southern Shanxi were identified using microscope and SEM. It is confirmed that they are all Tilletia foetida （Wallr.） Lindr..The average diameter of the tested teliospores is -15 μm; the surface of the teliospores is smooth. The 4 layers of the pericarp of the bunt balls are the same as that of the healthy seed. Using mustard flour or Muscodor albus agents to control wheat bunts are worth trying in China. Using the bunt bails to produce trimethylamine, is also an alternative suggestion.