禁止权利滥用原则在知识产权领域中的适用

The Application of the Principle of the Prohibition of Abuse of Rights in the Field of Intellectual Property

禁止权利滥用原则滥觞于罗马法,大陆法系在近现代法上相继确立了该原则。在知识学上,费希特的行为哲学构成了禁止权利滥用原则的理论基础。这一原则在知识产权领域的适用,尤其在英美法系上,经历了从抗辩事由到一般原则之转化,表现出与大陆法系传统私法理论不同的特质。目前,知识产权滥用行为主要表现为以权利的绝对性、权利的相对性以及程序性权利为基础的三大类型;对其具体行为加以界定及判断,又因各国及其不同时期的知识产权政策或反垄断政策之不同,而各有不同。对于知识产权滥用行为的具体分析与判断,可以建立行为与市场的二元分析框架,由此采取两种基本的判断标准:(1)行为本身的违法性判断;(2)行为在相关市场之下的妥当性判断。鉴于知识产权之私权本质和市场属性,既要关注私法上禁止权利滥用原则的适用,也不能忽视公法性质的规制。

The principle of the prohibition of abuse of fights derived from Roman law. The Civil Law sys- tem subsequently established this principle in modem law. In the theory of knowledge, Johann Gottlieb Fichte＇s philosophy of behavior is the theoretical basis of the principle of the prohibition of abuse of rights. The application of this principle in the field of intellectual property, especially in common law system, experienced the transformation from a legal defense to a general principle, and represented the different features compared to the traditional theory in civil law system. At present, the abuse behaviors of intellectual property mainly have three forms on the basis of rights＇ absoluteness, fights＇ relativity and procedural rights respectively. On the basis of specific analysis of the abuse of rights, a dualistic analysis framework can be established, and two fundamental criteria can thus be adopted ： （ 1 ） the judgment on the illegal behaviors themselves; and （2） the judgment on validity of behaviors under the relevant markets. On the basis of intellectual property rights＇ pri- vate law feature and market attribute, it is necessary to pay attention to not only the application of the principle of the prohibition of abuse of rights in private law but also the regulation of public law.