国家身份建构中的施动者、结构和实践——一项基于中国参与国际体系的研究

Agents,Structure and Practice in the Formation of National Identity:A Study Based on China's Participating in International System

自从肯尼思.华尔兹在20世纪70年代末提出结构现实主义理论以来,结构就成为国际关系理论研究的主要领域。在华尔兹看来,所谓的国际体系的结构是指物质性结构,它支配了行为体(即国家)的行为。在华尔兹所描述的国际关系图景当中,行为体并没有自我选择的余地,而是依据结构的安排去行事。体系建构主义理论则认为并不仅仅存在着物质结构,还存在着观念结构,而观念塑造了国家的身份和利益。对于体系建构主义而言,国家不仅仅是行为体,而且是施动者,它们具有对自己的身份和利益进行反思并因而塑造自身的行为的能力。本文认为,只有将国际结构看作是由主体间观念所建构的,才能理解其对于国家身份形成的影响。国家身份的形成既受到结构层次因素的影响,也受到单位层次因素的影响,它是通过这两种因素的互动所塑造的。如果在研究国家身份的形成时仅仅关注施动者或结构某一方面的作用就难免会顾此失彼,因此,需要同时关注这二者的作用。

Since the structural realism presented by Kenneth Waltz came into existence in the late 1970s, the structure has been the main focus point of the subject. For Waltz, the structure is a material one, which occupies the behavior of agents （states）. In Waltz＇s project, the actors have no choice but to follow the structure＇s order. For the Structural constructivism, there is not only a material structure, but an ideational one, which shapes the identities and interests of the states. A state is an actor as well as an agent for constructivism, which means that it has the capacity to determine its behavior on the basis of the reflection on its identities and interests. This thesis focuses on the meaning of agent-structure contestation for the study of national identity, which is whether the main drive of identity formation is structural, agential or the combination of both. The thesis proposes that the effect of structure on identity formation could be grasped only when the international structure is considered as ideationally constructed. Identity formation is influenced by structural as well as agential factors, and an identity is forged by both of them. It is incomplete to only concentrate on either of them, so both structural and agential factors should be taken into account.