人文学科视阈下叙事学的发展趋向

The Development Trend of the Narratologies in Humanities

叙事学是一门人文学科。从这个视阈下观察它的发展趋向,有如下特点:第一,从叙事语法到叙事语用。经典叙事学阶段的叙事语法研究旨在建立一套叙事的普遍规则和符号系统,所以它关注叙事文本的普遍性,而悬置差异性、个别性。这与人文学科致力于"具体化""个别化"的研究方向有相悖之势。叙事学的研究必须将普遍性与个别性结合起来。后经典叙事学正是在这个意义上对经典叙事学的研究领域进行了开疆拓土的工作,那就是从叙事语法走向叙事语用。第二,从"解释"到"理解"。叙事学从注重解释叙事是如何表达意义,到注重理解叙事表达了什么意义,体现了从偏重科学方法到偏重人文方法的转向。第三,价值判断从悬置到回归。价值判断是人文学科的重要特点,而价值判断的前提是意义阐释。因此后经典阶段叙事学呈现出以下特点:将形式研究和意义阐释、价值判断联系起来;从偏重叙事诗学到叙事诗学与叙事批评并重。

Narratologies is a subject in humanity,and it takes such features in this aspect as follows:firstly,from narrative grammar to narrative pragmatics.The narrative grammar in classical narratologies focuses on founding a set of universal rules and semiotic system.Therefore,it lays emphasis on differences and uniqueness,which is quite opposite to 'reification' and 'individulization' that is the focus of study of humanity.The study of narratologies must combine universality and uniqueness,and post classical narratologies is under this guidance making effort to advance the study of classical narratologies,that is,transferring from narrative grammar to narrative pragmatics.Secondly,from 'explanation' to 'comprehending'.Narratologies,transferring its focus from explaining how meaning is conveyed to comprehending what meaning is conveyed,shows it has realized the transition from preferring scientific method to preferring humanity.Thirdly,from suspending to regression in valuation.Valuation is the important feature of studies of humanity,while the prerequisite of the studies of humanity is meaning interpretation.Therefore post classical narratologies displays such features as combining studying form,interpreting meaning and valuating,and realizing transition from preferring narrative poetics to equally emphasizing narrative poetics and narrative criticism.