累计劣势与老年人经济安全的性别差异:一个生命历程视角的分析

The Latest Status of the Economic Security of the Elderly in China

文章利用2010年"中国妇女社会地位调查"数据,借助生命历程理论视角,突出可能的性别差异,分析了老年人经济安全的现状、特点及影响因素。结果表明,性别差异十分突出,女性老年人的经济安全程度显著低于男性老年人;同时,女性老年人先期生命历程的累积劣势(如:缺乏较高的人力资本和政治资本、更多的务农或无业)对老年时期的经济安全具有十分重要的影响,以前的职业对经济安全的作用更为凸显。这表明,改善老年人的经济福利、降低老年时期经济安全的性别差异,不能仅就老年谈老年,而需要关注女性的终身发展,特别是要消除劳动力就业市场的性别隔离。

Drawing on the life course perspective and utilizing data from the Third National Women＇s Status Survey of China, this paper attempts to explore the current status, characteristics and influencing factors of the economic security of the elderly over age 60, high- lighting gender gaps. The research results indicate that all else equal, gender per se makes a significant difference in that the female el- derly are less secured economically, compared to the male elderly. The economic vulnerability of females is the consequence of their cumulative disadvantages in early life experiences, including lower human capital accumulation, lack of political capital, and lower occupational status. Occupation in their early years of life is a particularly important determinant of economic security in their later years of life. This suggests that it is inadequate to talk about economic security of the elderly by only focusing on the elderly themselves. Rather, enhancing economic security of the female elderly requires a life-long strategy for the development of women.