北京地区矮砧苹果园优质丰产树体结构和光照状况分析

Analysis of tree structure and relative light intensity in apple orchard with dwarf interstock for good qualities and high yield in Beijing region

【目的】为分析北京地区矮砧苹果园优质丰产树体结构和光照状况,【方法】应用树冠立体分区法,调查了高纺锤形矮化中间砧富士(宫藤富士/SH6/八棱海棠,Malus domestica Borkh cv.Red Fuji)优质丰产园树冠内枝(梢)数量和比例、冠层内相对光照强度、果实产量和品质的分布特点。【结果】高纺锤形矮化中间砧富士树体高度3.32 m,冠径2.45 m,覆盖率54.44%,树高/行距为0.74,总枝(梢)量7.83×105条.hm-2,短枝(梢)比例为66%,优质短枝(梢)比例为38.4%;树冠内小于30%相对光照强度的树冠体积占整个树冠体积的4.17%;果实产量79.55 t.hm-2,平均单果质量为299.79 g,大于200 g的果实占总产量的97.9%,果实平均着色面积为97.56%,可溶性固形物含量为14.60%。【结论】北京地区矮砧苹果园提高幼树期覆盖率、增加树冠上层的枝(梢)数量是充分发挥矮砧富士苹果早果、优质高产潜力的关键技术措施。

[Objective]The objective of the study was to analyze the tree structure and relative light inten- sity in apple orchard with dwarf interstock for good qualities and high yield in Beijing region. [Method] Canopy subarea method was used to study the distribution of the shoots, relative light intensity, yield and quality in the canopy of the ＂Tall Spindle＂ shaped ＂Fuji＂ apple orchard with SH6 dwarf interstock in 2011 and 2012. [Result]The results showed that the average tree height and canopy diameter were 3.32 m and 2.45 m, respectively, while the covering rate was 54.44% and the height to row space ratio was 0.74. The total amount of shoots was 7.83x105 per hectare. The percentage of spur shoots and good spur shoots were 66% and 38%, respectively. In most canopy space, the relative light intensity was above 30%. There was only 4.17% canopy received light lower than 30%.The fruit yield was 79.55 t .hm-2. The mean fruit mass was 299.79g, while the percentage of coloring area and soluble solids content was 97.56% and 14.60%. There was 96.3% fruit with fruit mass above 200 g, which accounted for 97.9% of total fruit yields. [Con- clusion] For higher early yield and better fruit quality, it was key technical measure to increase the cov- eting rate and upper shoot amount in young ＇Fuji＇ apple with dwarf interstock in Beiiin~ re^ion.