上古汉语动词“前、进”“退、却”的对称与不对称

Symmetry and Asymmetry of “Qian(前)"and "jin"(进)“，“Tui”/(退),and "Que (却)” in Old Chinese

上古汉语中"前"和"却"表达以自身为参照的运动,"进"和"退"表达以他物为参照的运动,据此可以解释"前"与"进"、"退"与"却"在语义和句法上的区别。"进"和"退"具有较强的对称性,词义演变存在段的重合,句法上也呈现出一致性。"前"和"却"的对称性较弱,"前"多表方位,运动不具有持续性,而"却"不表相对位置关系,但能后接表示运动距离的补语。由于词义和句法上的不对称,"前"和"却"的反义程度较低,因而反义关系不稳固。

Taking ancient documents as corpus,the paper argues that Old Chinese verbs 'qian(前)'and 'que(却)' refer to self-referent motions,while 'jin(进)' and 'tui(退)'refer to other-referent motions.The differences in the semantics and syntax of these two pairs root inthis opposition:'jin(进)'and'tui(退)'are symmetrical,and 'qian(前)'and'que(却)' are asymmetrical.Due to the asymmetry,'qian(前)'and'que(却)'possess a low degree of opposition,thus the antonymy between them is unfixed.