长江流域直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Boron Fertilizers on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Direct-sown in the Yangtze River Basin

冬油菜直播种植的推广应用对提高我国油菜籽总产量和保障食用油安全有重要意义。2009—2010年度在长江流域6个冬油菜主产省布置36个大田试验,研究当前生产条件下我国直播冬油菜的氮磷钾硼肥施用效果和肥料利用率,比较农民习惯施肥与推荐施肥的差异,并与移栽油菜施肥效果进行对比,以探讨直播冬油菜的施肥管理措施。结果显示,在推荐施肥量和施肥方法条件下,氮磷钾硼肥配合施用(NPKB)处理直播冬油菜的油菜籽产量和产值平均分别为2001 kg hm–2和8205元hm–2,显著高于农民习惯施肥(FFP)处理,施用效果为N>P>B>K。NPKB配合施用显著促进直播冬油菜的养分吸收,N、P、K累积量分别为104.2、20.4和160.2 kg hm–2。NPKB配施条件下,直播冬油菜的氮、磷、钾肥表观利用率平均分别为35.8%、22.3%和45.9%,明显高于农民习惯施肥的20.8%、7.2%和28.0%。说明合理施肥对直播冬油菜生产有重要作用,现阶段应积极推行氮磷钾硼肥配施技术,并根据生长发育特点和养分吸收规律调整肥料的施用时期和比例。

Oilseed rape is the dominant oil crop in China.Direct-sowing method has the great significance in increasing winter oilseed rape yield and guaranteeing national edible oil security.Field trials were conducted at 36 sites in the Yangtze River Basin to determine the fertilization effects of nitrogen（N）,phosphorus（P）,potassium（K）,and boron（B） on seed yield,economic benefit,nutrient uptake and fertilizers efficiencies of direct-sown winter oilseed rape.Then we compared the differences between recommended fertilization and farmers’ fertilizer practice（FFP）,and between direct-sowing and transplanting cultivations.The objective was to discuss and offer appropriate suggestions of fertilization management for direct-sown winter oilseed rape in China.Combination application of N,P,K,and B fertilizers（NPKB） resulted in the greatest seed yield（2001 kg ha–1） and economic income（8205 Yuan ha–1）,which were significantly higher than that of FFP treatment.The effects of different fertilizers on oilseed rape as N ＆gt;P＆gt;B＆gt;K.Nutrient uptakes were obviously improved in NPKB treatment,with the average accumulation of 104.2 kg N ha–1,20.4 kg P ha–1,and 160.2 kg K ha–1.In addition,the apparent recovery efficiency of N,P,and K fertilizers was 35.8%,22.3%,and 45.9% in NPKB treatment,respectively,which was considerably higher than that in FFP treatment（20.8%,7.2%,and 28.0%）.Overall,our results demonstrated that suitable fertilization management（combination application of N,P,K,and B fertilizers） would be recommended in the production of direct-sown oilseed rape at the current stage.Both fertilization time and ratio should be adjusted to coordinate with oilseed rape growth and nutrient uptake regulation under direct-sowing cultivation.