理性即自由:论斯宾诺莎的自然法观

Reason is Freedom——Spinoza’s Concept of Natural Law

斯宾诺莎是古典自然法学派的代表人物之一,他提出了"真观念"为认识的起点,再辅之以几何学的证明方式。斯宾诺莎认为上帝的法则就是自然规律。人是自然的一部分,所以人也要遵循自然规律,人的自然规律或者自然权利就是人努力保存自己,这是人的本性。斯宾诺莎从人性论出发,论述了在自然状态下,人的生活受到了被动情感的奴役,人们要通过理性来签订社会契约,建立国家来摆脱这种奴役,并对违约行为进行处罚。这种自由具备的伦理特征使得斯宾诺莎在古典自然法学家中的地位显得比较特殊。

Spinoza is one of the representatives of the classic natural law school, he made a ＂real idea＂ as a starting point for understanding, and then supplemented by way of geometry proof. Spinoza take God＇ s law as the order of nature. As a part of nature, people have to follow the laws of nature, the person＇ s natural law or natural rights is to save himself, that is human nature. Spinoza＇s Theory of Human Nature discusses that the human life was en- slaved by a passive emotion under the state of nature, the people should enter into social contract by reason and es- tablish the State to get out of the slavery, and punish violations. This feature, made Spinoza＇ s position different from the others classical jurists.