马克思政治哲学中的个人原则与社会原则

The Individual Principle and the Social Principle in the Marxist Political Philosophy

个人原则与社会原则的对立,作为近代政治哲学的最高分野,构成了马克思进入政治哲学思考的总背景。个人与社会作为道德政治的两种主体其实是政治哲学理论反思的产物,在这两大原则消长的背后进行着西方社会结构的深刻变迁。按照西方哲学对于政治的原初理解,政治的最高目标是道德性即"应当存在的正义",政治的本质则是精神的自由的创制领域。马克思站在更高的精神观点上,超越个人原则与社会原则的二元对立,把资本主义现实中的个人原则和社会原则一体划入异化世界的界面,证明现代个人和现代社会其实服从着相同的物化逻辑;同时证明,在全新的"真正人的"世界图景中,人的全面发展的个性存在与其社会性存在是内在同一的。以此,马克思实现了西方政治哲学史上个人原则与社会原则的一次伟大综合。

As an important divergence of modern political philosophy,the opposition between the individual principle and the social principle constitutes the general background of Marx'meditations on political philosophy.The individuals and the society,both as entities of moral politics,are a result from theoretical reflections on political philosophy. Underlying the dynamics of these two principles are profound changes in Western social structure.According to the primordial understanding of western philosophy on politics, the highest goal of politics is morality,namely the'justice that ought to be,'and the essence of politics is the free and creative domain of the mind.Transcending the binary opposition between the individual principle and the social principle,Marx is on a higher spiritual standing to bring the individual principle and the social principle in the capitalist reality into the vision of an alienated world.He proves that both modern society and individuals actually follow the same materialized logic,and that in the new'truly human' world scenario,the fully-developed personal being of man is inherently consistent with the social being of man.Marx thus has achieved a great combination of the individual principle and the social principle in the western history of political philosophy.