马王堆帛书《二三子》疑难字句释读

Interpretations of Some Characters and Sentences in the "Several Disciples" Chapter of the Silk Manuscript of the Zhouyi

"■鸟正虫","正"不当释作"丘","虫"不当释作"(虫虫)","正虫"应当读作"征蟲","征蟲"犹"飞蟲"。"化■虫",第二字不当释作"官"或"(虫虫)";"■虫"应读作"蚑蛲",谓"蚑行蛲动之虫"。"时至矣而不出","至"不当作如字读,而应读作"窒","窒"即"窒塞"之义。"(言苟)■在廷",第一字不当释作"訽","(言苟)"应读作"苟",训为"假若";"猒"、"厌"为古今字,"厌"不读为"延",也不训为"伏",而应读作"宴"或"燕",乃"安闲"之义;"在"训"居处"。"民(一心)相■以寿",第二字或释作"心"、"必",均误,"(一心)"即"悤"字,读作"总",训为"聚合"、"聚会";"■"、"■"在帛书中形近混用,"■"即"■(觞)"字,"觞"在文中作动词用,乃"向他人敬酒"之义:整句话是说,人民聚会在一起,相互敬酒为乐,而至于年寿长久。"精白敬宫",后二字不当释作"敢官";"宫"比喻"心";"精白"乃修心之术。

In the term of ＂ [非鸟]鸟正虫,＂, the character ＂正＂ should not be rendered ＂丘＂ （ lit. , hill） and ＂虫＂ ought not to be deci- phered ＂ [虫虫]＂ （ insects）, whereas the two characters ＂正虫＂ ought to be the variant of＂ 征蟲＂ （ marching insects） which means ＂飞蟲＂ （ winged insects）. The middle character of ＂化[宀巨]虫＂ should not be interpreted ＂官＂ （official） or ＂ [虫虫]＂ while ＂ [宀巨]虫＂ should refer to ＂蚑蛲＂ which means wriggling worms and pinworms. ＂ The term ＂ 至＂ in the sentence ＂ 时至矣而不出＂ should be viewed ＂ 窒＂ which means ＂窒塞＂ （ suffocating and jamming）. In ＂[言苟][肙犬]在廷＂, the character ＂[言苟] ＂ ought not to be identified as ＂[言苟]＂ but ＂苟＂ which means ＂if＂ while the character ＂ [肙犬]＂ is a variant of ＂厌＂ which should not be read ＂延＂ and should not be interpreted ＂伏＂ （hide） but be read ＂宴＂ or ＂燕＂ which means ＂安闲＂ （ leisurely）, and ＂在＂ should be glossed ＂居处＂ （residence）. In the sentence ＂ 民心相[酉易]以寿＂ , character ＂[一心] ＂ should not be deciphered ＂心＂ or ＂必＂ but ＂悤＂ which is pronounced ＂总＂ （zong） and means ＂ 聚合＂ （ gathering together） or ＂ 聚会＂ （union） ; ＂[酉易]＂ is similar to ＂[酉易]＂ in form and they are often mixed in the silk version while the latter is actually the character ＂[酉易]（ 觞 ）＂ which is a verb here and means ＂proposing a toast to others. ＂ The whole sentence means that the people gather together and propose toasts to each other as a pleasure in order to achieve longevity. In ＂精白敬宫＂, the last two characters should not be rendered ＂敢官＂ in that ＂宫＂ metaphorically refers to ＂心＂ （heart/mind） whereas ＂精白＂ refers to techniques for the cultivation of heart/mind.