高产条件下两个特殊年份春小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的差异

Water Consumption Characteristics and Water Use Efficiency of Different Special Years With High Yield

在2010年和2011年春小麦生长季,选用宁春50号,研究高产条件下特殊气候对春小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:①2010年籽粒产量、千粒质量、穗粒数、株高、水分利用效率、总耗水量和耗水强度显著高于2011年;在不同生育阶段,播种至二棱的阶段耗水量、播种至二棱、拔节至开花的耗水模系数2011年显著高于2010年,二棱至拔节、拔节至开花、开花至成熟的阶段耗水量、开花至成熟的耗水模系数2010年显著高于2011年;2011年春小麦的土壤耗水量主要集中在20～40cm土层,2010年春小麦土壤耗水量主要集中在20～80cm土层,表明2010年春小麦能充分利用深层土壤水;②2010年阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为开花至成熟>拔节至开花>播种至二棱>二棱至拔节,2011年阶段耗水量和耗水模系数为拔节至开花>开花至成熟>播种至二棱>二棱至拔节,2个年份的耗水强度均为拔节至开花>开花至成熟>二棱至拔节>播种至二棱,且2个年份春小麦全生育期耗水强度变化规律均与生育期基本吻合;③灌水量占总耗水量的百分率和土壤耗水量占总耗水量的百分率为2011年>2010年,降水量及其占总耗水量的百分率和土壤耗水量为2010年>2011年;水分利用效率(WUE)、灌水利用效率和土壤水利用效率为2010年>2011年,降水利用效率为2011年>2010年,且差异显著。综合表明,2010年明显高于2011年的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,可能由于2010年气候条件促进春小麦具有较高的总耗水量、耗水强度、灌水利用效率和土壤水利用效率,拔节至开花、开花至成熟阶段耗水量、耗水模系数以及充分利用深层土壤水、较多的降水和较高的土壤耗水量。

The aim of this research is to study effects of special climate on water consumption charac- teristics and water use efficiency （WUE） with spring wheat cultivar Ningchun 50, in 2010 and 2011 spring wheat growing seasons. The results showed that the grain yield,1 000-grain mass,grain num- her per spike,plant height,water use efficiency, total water consumption amount and water consump-tion per day were significantly higher in 2010 than in 2011~ at different growth stages,water consump- tion rate from sowing to double ridge, and water consumption percentage from sowing to double ridge and from jointing to anthesis in 2011 were significantly higher than those in 2010,water consumption rate from double ridge to jointing, from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity,and water consumption percentage from anthesis to maturity in 2010 were significantly higher than those in 2011;in 2011,the soil water consumption amount of spring wheat was mainly concentrated in 20- 40cm soil layer,but in 2010 the soil water consumption amount of spring wheat was mainly concentrat- ed in 20--80 cm soil layer,which showed that spring wheat could adequately use deep soil layer water in 2010. In 2010, the descending order of the water consumption rate and water consumption percent- age was those from anthesis to maturity, from jointing to anthesis, from sowing to double ridge and from double ridge to jointing. In 2011,the descending order of the water consumption rate and water consumption percentage was those from jointing to anthesis, from anthesis to maturity, from sowing to double ridge and from double ridge to jointing~ in two years the descending order of water consump- tion per day was those from jointing to anthesis,from anthesis to maturity,from double ridge to joint- ing,and from sowing to double ridge; in two years, variation of water consumption per day of the whole growth period of spring wheat was the basically consistent with the growth period. The ratios of irrigation amount and soil water consumption amount to total water consumption amount in 2011 were higher than those in 2010. Precipitation amount and the ratio of precipitation amount to total wa- ter consumption amount, soil water consumption amount in 2010 were higher than those in 2011~ WUE,irrigation WUE,and soil water WUE in 2010 were significantly higher than those in 2011 ,pre- cipitation WUE in 2011 was significantly higher than that in 2010. To sum up,grain yield and water use efficiency in 2010 was significantly higher than in 2011 ,mainly due to the preferable climatic condi- tions in 2010 for the spring wheat,including higher total water consumption,water consumption per day,irrigation WUE and soil water WUE, water consumption from jointing to flowering, and from flowering to mature,water consumption rate and water consumption percentage from jointing to an- thesis and from anthesis to maturity, adequately use deep soil layer, and adequately use more precipita- tion and higher soil water.