区分制犯罪参与体系与“规范的形式客观说”正犯标准

Dividing System of Crime Participation and "Normative Formal-objective Theory" Perpetrator

当今中外刑法中存在单一正犯和限制正犯这两个对应的概念,前者倾向于不区分正犯和共犯,而后者倾向于区分。与之相关的共犯理论体系,则为单一制犯罪参与体系或单一正犯理论、区分制犯罪参与体系或限制正犯理论。单一制存在根本缺陷,区分制具有优越性。我国刑法规定的犯罪参与体系可以解释为区分制。刑法学中应坚持"规范的形式客观说"的正犯标准,即构成要件的实行行为标准,但应对其进行规范性的理解。我国刑法规定的组织犯属于独立于教唆犯和帮助犯的第三种狭义共犯类型,其犯罪成立和处罚范围需遵循共犯从属性理论。

Nowadays,the concept of unitary perpetrator and limitary perpetrator are existing in Chinese and foreign criminal laws.The former inclines not to distinguish perpetrators from accessories,while the latter prefers to make such distinguyishment.Accordingly,the theoretical system of accomplice is divided into two models.One is called unitary system of crime participation or unitary perpetrator theory;the other is called the dividing system of crime participation or limitary perpetrator theory.In contrast to unitary system,dividing system has its own advantages.The system of crime participation in Chinese criminal law could be explained to be the dividing system.It is appropriate to adopt 'normative formal-objective theory' for Chinesecriminal jurisprudence.Under this theory,the standard of perpetration is that whether the conduct done is what prescribed as the constituent elements in a crime,and the application of this theory should be conducted on a normative basis.The derivative theory of accessories should be implemented in Chinese dividing system of crime participation.