“体育权利”研究反思与立法选择

Introspection and Legislation on Human Rights in Sports

在体育法修订过程中",体育权利"成为最炙手可热的概念。现有研究取得不菲成果,但在方法论上普遍存在缺陷,表现为:不当地套用权利的要素分析方法,导致体育权利内涵和外延的界定几近失控;过分倚重概括性分析方法,将体育权利与权利要求混为一谈。鉴于莫衷一是的研究现状,《体育法》修订时若贸然将体育权利作为单独条款进行概括性规定,实难保证立法质量。因此,应转变思路,突出体育权利作为公民基本权利的规定性;《体育法》修订应当以体育权利为灵魂,但并非要让权利性条款在数量上占优势,而是需要落实在制度构建中,体现在文本表达上;既做好总则中体育权利的宣示,又应在具体权利立法时转变观念,根据行为而不是权利义务观念进行表述,在法律关系中划定体育权利的边界,为体育权利的实现夯实制度基础。

The term of ＂human rights in sports＂ has been the key concept of China＇s Sports Law reform in recent years. But most scholars of China only focus on generalizing the concept of human rights in sports, misusing the method of elements analysis of rights. It＇s difficult to reach a consensus on the top- ic, because almost everyone wants to squeeze his own standard into the concept of human rights in sports. Of all characteristics of human rights in sports, a fundamental right for all is the most extensively accepted and used. So the term of ＂human rights in sports＂ should be viewed as a rights system, many specific issues under its general umbrella. While the declaration of human rights in sports is extremely important, the establishment of protection mechanisms is worth more effort. Human rights in sports should be defined in terms of behaviors in the legal relationship, which provides a better way of guiding human behaviors and resolving rights conflicts.