希腊化与罗马时期犹太人的政治宗教特征——以古代犹太钱币为中心的考察

Jewish Political and Religious Characteristics during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods:With a Focus on Ancient Jewish Coins

古犹太钱币是研究希腊化和罗马时期犹太人政治宗教生活的重要信息来源。哈斯蒙尼王朝开创了犹太造币传统,所造钱币使用了希伯来文题铭或希伯来文—希腊文双语题铭,既体现出希腊化君主制的一些重要特点,又带有鲜明的犹太特征。但这种调和异族文化与本族传统的努力,在罗马统治时期犹太人两次起义期间不复存在,当时发行的钱币只有希伯来文题铭,强调犹太民族传统。希律王朝铸造的钱币则仅有希腊文题铭,反映出该王朝的权力基础来自罗马随时可以撤销的特许。犹太古币的突出特征是在广泛汲取和改造异族文化因素的基础上,彰显圣经传统,但这一传统的延续性带有人为的因素。

Ancient Jewish coins represent an important source for the study of Jewish political and religious life during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.The Jewish tradition of coinage was initiated by the Hasmonean dynasty.Inscriptions on the coins were in Hebrew or both Hebrew and Greek,showing important features of Hellenistic monarchies alongside a distinctive Jewish character.But this practice of integrating foreign culture with domestic tradition ended during the period of the two uprisings under Roman rule,when the coins issued had only Hebrew inscriptions,emphasizing Jewish tradition.The coins minted by the Herodian dynasty had only Greek inscriptions,indicating that the dynastys power came from Rome and could be taken back at any time.The most distinctive feature of ancient Jewish coins is that,on the basis of absorbing and transforming a wide range of other cultures,they throw into relief the biblical tradition;however,the continuity of this tradition shows the human factor.