铅暴露对人体健康风险评价的模型综述

Review on models for lead exposure on human health risk assessment

铅是一种在暴露环境下,可以通过手口途径或者皮肤接触而进入人体,从而对人体许多组织器官都产生毒性作用的重金属,其对儿童的危害尤为突出.我国对暴露在铅环境下人体健康的风险评价研究起步较晚,基于血铅指标的铅污染土壤风险评估方法导则仍在探讨建立中.而国外已经存在一些较为成熟的用于成人及儿童的铅暴露吸收和生物动力学模型,其中被广泛接受和使用的是成人血铅模型(ALM)以及儿童在铅中的综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型(IEUBK).前者描述了关于非居住区土壤中铅暴露物对成人风险的评估,且重点针对污染土壤的铅暴露物所导致的孕妇体内胎儿的血铅浓度进行评估;后者则重点预测6—84个月的儿童在铅的综合暴露下的健康风险.本文旨在通过对这些模型进行对比总结,从而提出可用于我国铅污染风险评估的理论依据及指导方法.

Lead is a heavy metal with toxic effect and widespread in the environment.It may enter the human blood through hand/mouth way or skin contact,thus produce toxic effect on many human organs.Lead exposures were demonstrated to be more harmful to children′s health.However,the research of lead exposure on human health risk assessment has just been carried out in China.Moreover,risk assessment method of lead pollution in soil based on the blood lead target was not established until now.Some bio-dynamic models have been developed to describe the lead exposure to adults and children in several foreign countries.The most widely accepted and used ones are the adult blood lead model（ALM）,and the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model（IEUBK）.The former describes risk assessment of lead exposure in soil to the adults who are in the non-residential area,and it focuses on the fetal blood lead concentrations in the body.The latter model emphasizes the health risk prediction of 6-84 month old children under comprehensive lead exposure. This articles summaries and compares these two models with a hope to provide theretic basis for the risk asseesment of lead pollution in China.