范式、家族相似和文化间性--库恩与维特根斯坦及儒家的比较

Paradigm,Family Resemblance and Inter-culturality:Comparing Kuhn with Wittgenstein and Confucianism

库恩范式学说的哲理依据是维特根斯坦的家族相似说和语言游戏说。由此才能理解库恩讲的竞争范式之间"不可公度性"的不可避免,并看出他前后期思想的连续性。"语言游戏"中的"游戏"意味着:一个语言活动总在参与着此语言表达的意义构成,所以"语词运用"总走在"遵守规则"之前。家族相似出自家族的生活形式,而这种生活形式也正是一种范式,但却是柔性的范式,即在保持家族共同体的结构一致性的同时,还能够读解与之不可公度的其他范式并与之交流的原范式。儒家文化是一种高深的家族范式,将家族范式中隐含的范式间性和文化间性发扬光大,由此而赋予中国古代文化以独特的风貌。库恩和维特根斯坦关于亲缘相似性(Ahn-lichkeiten)的学说能够提供理解这种柔性范式的一条哲理线索。

The philosophical footing of the Kuhnian ' paradigm' lies in what Wittgenstein calls ' family resemblance' and 'language-play[game]'.From this perspective,we find continuity between Kuhn's earlier and later works.Family resemblance comes from the family form of life,which,in turn,is a kind of paradigm.But this is a soft paradigm that,while maintaining the strong consensus of the family community,can interpret and communicate with the other paradigms with which it is incommensurable.Confucianism is an advanced family paradigm.It carries forward the interparadigmaticy and inter-culturality implied in the family paradigm,and thus endows ancient Chinese culture with distinctive features.Wittgenstein and Kuhn's elaborations of(kin-) resemblances((A|¨)hnlichkeiten) provide the philosophical clues for understanding the pliable paradigm./r/n