旧城更新中基于社区脉络的集体创业--以上海田子坊商街为例

Communal Entrepreneurship in Old Neighborhood Renewal:Case Studies of Shanghai Tianzifang Shopping District

上海田子坊商街兴起于居民非法的"居改非",并在领导田子坊实验的基层政府的默许和庇护下由个人的"居改非"蔓延为整街坊的"居改非"。此种庇护所以最后成就田子坊,其要紧处在于它因应了民生改善的诉求,扶持了创意商铺的实验,促进了历史街区的复兴,从而将一个不合法的集体居改非做成了一项有助于旧城区更新和新社区发展的集体的创业,这种"基于社区脉络的集体创业"(Communal entrepreneur-ship)提供了城市更新的新经验,而不同于政商合作大拆大建的"企业化的政府城市治理"(entrepreneurial gov-ernance)的主流模式。然而,田子坊的胜出,并未能继续其社区创业的脉络,没有业态和租金的管控,没有自觉促进创新产业的政策和制度,田子坊的火爆反倒令投机盛行并最终不仅损害田子坊的社区性也将损害它的文化性。

The rise of Tianzifang Commercial Street was rooted in Jugaifei, or conversion of resi- dential buildings for commercial use. Initially isolated instances of Jugaifei quickly diffused into a collective Jugaifei in the whole neighborhood, when the local government tacitly consented to and provided support for such practices. This tacit protection led to the success of Tianzifang, as it satis- fied the livelihood demands of residents, enabled experiments with creative businesses, revitalized a historical district, and thus transforming a form of collective illegality into a collective business that partook in both urban revitalization and new community-building. This form of ＂communal entrepre- neurship＂ represents a new path of urban renewal that is fundamentally different from ＂entrepreneur- ial governance＂ where the state and the private sector collectively engaged in large-scale demolition and construction projects. However, the continued development of Tianzifang failed to live up to its initial prospects. In the absence of a sustained entrepreneurial fabric, appropriate rent-control mech- anisms, or institutional arrangements in support of creative industries, the popularity of Tianzifang gave rise to rent speculation, thus hurting the community, as well as cultural vitality of Tianzifang